4.6: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 415164
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)| Words (or words that have the same definition) | The definition is case sensitive | (Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pages] | (Optional) Caption for Image | (Optional) External or Internal Link | (Optional) Source for Definition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") | (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") |  | The infamous double helix | https://bio.libretexts.org/ | CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen |
| Word(s) | Definition | Image | Caption | Link | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acid | substance that produces H3O+ when dissolved in water | ||||
| acid-base reaction | reaction involving the transfer of a hydrogen ion between reactant species | ||||
| actual yield | amount of product formed in a reaction | ||||
| analyte | chemical species of interest | ||||
| balanced equation | chemical equation with equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactant and product | ||||
| base | substance that produces OH− when dissolved in water | ||||
| buret | device used for the precise delivery of variable liquid volumes, such as in a titration analysis | ||||
| chemical equation | symbolic representation of a chemical reaction | ||||
| coefficient | number placed in front of symbols or formulas in a chemical equation to indicate their relative amount | ||||
| combustion analysis | gravimetric technique used to determine the elemental composition of a compound via the collection and weighing of its gaseous combustion products | ||||
| combustion reaction | vigorous redox reaction producing significant amounts of energy in the form of heat and, sometimes, light | ||||
| complete ionic equation | chemical equation in which all dissolved ionic reactants and products, including spectator ions, are explicitly represented by formulas for their dissociated ions | ||||
| end point | measured volume of titrant solution that yields the change in sample solution appearance or other property expected for stoichiometric equivalence (see equivalence point) | ||||
| equivalence point | volume of titrant solution required to react completely with the analyte in a titration analysis; provides a stoichiometric amount of titrant for the sample’s analyte according to the titration reaction | ||||
| excess reactant | reactant present in an amount greater than required by the reaction stoichiometry | ||||
| gravimetric analysis | quantitative chemical analysis method involving the separation of an analyte from a sample by a physical or chemical process and subsequent mass measurements of the analyte, reaction product, and/or sample | ||||
| half-reaction | an equation that shows whether each reactant loses or gains electrons in a reaction. | ||||
| indicator | substance added to the sample in a titration analysis to permit visual detection of the end point | ||||
| insoluble | of relatively low solubility; dissolving only to a slight extent | ||||
| limiting reactant | reactant present in an amount lower than required by the reaction stoichiometry, thus limiting the amount of product generated | ||||
| molecular equation | chemical equation in which all reactants and products are represented as neutral substances | ||||
| net ionic equation | chemical equation in which only those dissolved ionic reactants and products that undergo a chemical or physical change are represented (excludes spectator ions) | ||||
| neutralization reaction | reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water | ||||
| oxidation | process in which an element’s oxidation number is increased by loss of electrons | ||||
| oxidation number | (also, oxidation state) the charge each atom of an element would have in a compound if the compound were ionic | ||||
| oxidation-reduction reaction | (also, redox reaction) reaction involving a change in oxidation number for one or more reactant elements | ||||
| oxidizing agent | (also, oxidant) substance that brings about the oxidation of another substance, and in the process becomes reduced | ||||
| percent yield | measure of the efficiency of a reaction, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield | ||||
| precipitate | insoluble product that forms from reaction of soluble reactants | ||||
| precipitation reaction | reaction that produces one or more insoluble products; when reactants are ionic compounds, sometimes called double-displacement or metathesis | ||||
| product | substance formed by a chemical or physical change; shown on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation | ||||
| quantitative analysis | the determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample | ||||
| reactant | substance undergoing a chemical or physical change; shown on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation | ||||
| reducing agent | (also, reductant) substance that brings about the reduction of another substance, and in the process becomes oxidized | ||||
| reduction | process in which an element’s oxidation number is decreased by gain of electrons | ||||
| salt | ionic compound that can be formed by the reaction of an acid with a base that contains a cation and an anion other than hydroxide or oxide | ||||
| single-displacement reaction | (also, replacement) redox reaction involving the oxidation of an elemental substance by an ionic species | ||||
| solubility | the extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent | ||||
| soluble | of relatively high solubility; dissolving to a relatively large extent | ||||
| spectator ion | ion that does not undergo a chemical or physical change during a reaction, but its presence is required to maintain charge neutrality | ||||
| stoichiometric factor | ratio of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation, used in computations relating amounts of reactants and products | ||||
| stoichiometry | relationships between the amounts of reactants and products of a chemical reaction | ||||
| strong acid | acid that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions | ||||
| strong base | base that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions | ||||
| theoretical yield | amount of product that may be produced from a given amount of reactant(s) according to the reaction stoichiometry | ||||
| titrant | solution containing a known concentration of substance that will react with the analyte in a titration analysis | ||||
| titration analysis | quantitative chemical analysis method that involves measuring the volume of a reactant solution required to completely react with the analyte in a sample | ||||
| weak acid | acid that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions | ||||
| weak base | base that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions |