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accuracy
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how closely a measurement aligns with a correct value
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atom
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smallest particle of an element that can enter into a chemical combination
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Celsius (°C)
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unit of temperature; water freezes at 0 °C and boils at 100 °C on this scale
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chemical change
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change producing a different kind of matter from the original kind of matter
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chemical property
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behavior that is related to the change of one kind of matter into another kind of matter
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chemistry
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study of the composition, properties, and interactions of matter
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compound
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pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more elements
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cubic centimeter (cm
3
or cc)
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volume of a cube with an edge length of exactly 1 cm
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cubic meter (m
3
)
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SI unit of volume
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density
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ratio of mass to volume for a substance or object
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dimensional analysis
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(also, factor-label method) versatile mathematical approach that can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex, multi-step calculations involving several different quantities
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element
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substance that is composed of a single type of atom; a substance that cannot be decomposed by a chemical change
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exact number
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number derived by counting or by definition
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extensive property
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property of a substance that depends on the amount of the substance
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Fahrenheit
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unit of temperature; water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F on this scale
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gas
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state in which matter has neither definite volume nor shape
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heterogeneous mixture
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combination of substances with a composition that varies from point to point
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homogeneous mixture
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(also, solution) combination of substances with a composition that is uniform throughout
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hypothesis
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tentative explanation of observations that acts as a guide for gathering and checking information
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intensive property
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property of a substance that is independent of the amount of the substance
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kelvin (K)
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SI unit of temperature; 273.15 K = 0 ºC
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kilogram (kg)
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standard SI unit of mass; 1 kg = approximately 2.2 pounds
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law
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statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations, and describes or predicts some aspect of the natural world
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law of conservation of matter
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when matter converts from one type to another or changes form, there is no detectable change in the total amount of matter present
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length
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measure of one dimension of an object
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liquid
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state of matter that has a definite volume but indefinite shape
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liter (L)
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(also, cubic decimeter) unit of volume; 1 L = 1,000 cm
3
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macroscopic domain
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realm of everyday things that are large enough to sense directly by human sight and touch
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mass
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fundamental property indicating amount of matter
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matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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meter (m)
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standard metric and SI unit of length; 1 m = approximately 1.094 yards
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microscopic domain
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realm of things that are much too small to be sensed directly
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milliliter (mL)
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1/1,000 of a liter; equal to 1 cm
3
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mixture
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matter that can be separated into its components by physical means
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molecule
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bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same or different elements
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physical change
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change in the state or properties of matter that does not involve a change in its chemical composition
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physical property
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characteristic of matter that is not associated with any change in its chemical composition
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plasma
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gaseous state of matter containing a large number of electrically charged atoms and/or molecules
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precision
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how closely a measurement matches the same measurement when repeated
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pure substance
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homogeneous substance that has a constant composition
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rounding
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procedure used to ensure that calculated results properly reflect the uncertainty in the measurements used in the calculation
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scientific method
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path of discovery that leads from question and observation to law or hypothesis to theory, combined with experimental verification of the hypothesis and any necessary modification of the theory
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second (s)
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SI unit of time
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SI units (International System of Units)
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standards fixed by international agreement in the International System of Units (
Le Système International d’Unités
)
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significant figures
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(also, significant digits) all of the measured digits in a determination, including the uncertain last digit
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solid
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state of matter that is rigid, has a definite shape, and has a fairly constant volume
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symbolic domain
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specialized language used to represent components of the macroscopic and microscopic domains, such as chemical symbols, chemical formulas, chemical equations, graphs, drawings, and calculations
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temperature
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intensive property representing the hotness or coldness of matter
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theory
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well-substantiated, comprehensive, testable explanation of a particular aspect of nature
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uncertainty
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estimate of amount by which measurement differs from true value
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unit
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standard of comparison for measurements
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unit conversion factor
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ratio of equivalent quantities expressed with different units; used to convert from one unit to a different unit
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volume
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amount of space occupied by an object
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weight
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force that gravity exerts on an object
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