Summary
- Page ID
- 134656
References
- D.C.Harris, Exploring Chemical Analysis, W.H.Freeman & Company (1997)
- Douglas A. Skoog and Donald M. West, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, (1976).
- Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, James F. Holler and Stanley R. Crouch,Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edition, Thomson, Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., (2004).
- Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, James F. Holler and Stanley R. Crouch,Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction, 7th Edition, Thomson, Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., (2000).
- Harris, D.C., Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th Ed., New York: W.H. Free- man and Co., (2002).
- Henry F. Holtzclaw, Jr., and William R. Robinson, General Chemistry, 8thEdition, D.C. Heath and Company, (1988).
- Harris, D.C., Exploring Chemical Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: W.H. Freeman and Co., (2002).
- H.H. Willard, L.L. Merritt, Jr., J.A. Dean, F.A. Settle, Jr., Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Edition, Wadworth Publishing Company (1988).
- J.F.Rubinson and K.A.Rubinson, Contemporary Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall (1998).
- John R. Taylor, An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements, 2nd Edition, University Science Books, (1997)
- Philip R. Bevington and D. Keith Robinson, Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 2nd Edition, WCB/McGraw-Hill, (1992).
Glossary
Accuracy: this is the closeness of a result to the correct answer.
Acid: A substance that yields hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
Base: A substance that yields hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
Base ionization constant (Kb): The equilibrium constant for the base ionization.
Bronsted acid: A substance that is able to donate a proton.
Bronsted base: A substance that is capable of accepting a proton.
Chemical equation: An equation that uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction.
Chemical equilibrium: A state in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
Chemical reaction:A process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or more new substances.
Complex ion: An ion containing a central metal cation bonded to one or more molecules or ions.
Common ion effect: The shift in equilibrium caused by the addition of a com- pound having an ion in common with the dissolved substances.
Determinate errors: these are mistakes, which are often referred to as “bias”. In theory, these could be eliminated by careful technique.
Diprotic acid: Each unit of the acid yields two hydrogen ions upon ionization.
End point: The pH at which the indicator changes colour.
Equilibrium constant (Keq): A number equal to the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of products to the equilibrium concentrations of reactants, eachraised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient.
Equivalence point: The point at which the acid has completely reacted with or been neutralized by the base.
Homogeneous sample: sample is the same throughout.
Hydronium ion:The hydrated proton, H3O+.
Indeterminate errors: these are errors caused by the need to make estimates in the last figure of a measurement, by noise present in instruments, etc. Sucherrors can be reduced, but never entirely eliminated.
Law of mass action: For a reversible reaction at equilibrium and at a constant temperature, a certain ratio of reactant and product concentrations has a constant value, Keq (the equilibrium constant).
Lewis acid:A substance that can accept a pair of electrons.
Lewis base: A substance that can donate a pair of electrons.
Monoprotic acid: Each unit of the acid yields one hydrogen ion upon ionization.
Neutralization reaction: A reaction between an acid and a base.
Oxidation reaction: The half-reaction that involves the loss of electrons.
Oxidation-reduction reaction: A reaction that involves the transfer of electron(s) or the change in the oxidation state of reactants.
Oxidizing agent: A substance that can accept electrons from another substance or increase the oxidation numbers in another substance.
pH: The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
Precision: the reproducibility of a data set; a measure of the ability to obtain the same number (not necessarily the correct number) in every trial.
Redox reaction: A reaction in which there is either a transfer of electrons or a change in the oxidation numbers of the substances taking part in the reaction.
Reducing agent: A substance that can donate electrons to another substance or decrease the oxidation numbers in another substance.
Representative sample: a sample whose content is the same overall as the material from which it is taken from.
Sampling: this is used to describe the process involved in finding a reasonable amount of material that is representative of the whole.
Significant figures: The number of meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity.
Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Standard solution: A solution of accurately known concentration.
Stoichiometrry: The quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.