Characteristic Reactions of Select Metal Ions
- Page ID
- 97254
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- Characteristic Reactions of Antimony Ions (Sb³⁺)
- Antimony is brittle and silvery. Not very active, but reacts with oxygen, sulfur and chlorine at high temperatures.
- Characteristic Reactions of Aluminum Ions (Al³⁺)
- Silvery, rather soft. Very active, but protected by an oxide coating.
- Characteristic Reactions of Ammonium Ion (NH₄⁺)
- Ammonium ion is formed by the reaction between acids and aqueous ammonia:. The ammonium ion behaves chemically like the ions of the alkali metals, particularly potassium ion, which is almost the same size. All ammonium salts are white and soluble.
- Characteristic Reactions of Arsenic Ions (As³⁺)
- Arsenic solid is a gray, very brittle substance; sublimes at 615º. Combines readily with sulfur and oxygen at high temperatures.
- Characteristic Reactions of Barium (Ba²⁺)
- Silvery metal. Extremely active, reacts quickly with oxygen in air, and with most non-metals.
- Characteristic Reactions of Bismuth (Bi³⁺)
- Bismuth is hard and brittle, with a reddish cast. Rather inactive, but will dissolve in nitric acid or hot sulfuric acid.
- Characteristic Reactions of Cadmium Ions (Cd²⁺)
- Cadmium is a silvery, crystalline metal, resembling zinc. Moderately active. Cd²⁺ is colorless in solution and forms complex ions readily.
- Characteristic Reactions of Calcium Ions (Ca²⁺)
- Calcium is a rather soft, very active metal. Very similar to barium in its chemical properties.
- Characteristic Reactions of Chromium Ions (Cr³⁺)
- Chromium is a silvery, rather brittle metal. Similar to aluminum, but exhibits several oxidation states.
- Characteristic Reactions of Cobalt Ions (Co²⁺)
- Cobalt is a steel-gray, hard, tough metal. Dissolves easily in nitric acid and also in dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.
- Characteristic Reactions of Copper Ions (Cu²⁺)
- Reddish-yellow, rather inactive metal. Dissolves readily in nitric acid and in hot, concentrated sulfuric acid.
- Characteristic Reactions of Iron (Fe³⁺)
- Iron is a gray, moderately active metal.
- Characteristic Reactions of Lead Ions (Pb²⁺)
- Lead is a soft metal having little tensile strength, and it is the densest of the common metals excepting gold and mercury. It has a metallic luster when freshly cut but quickly acquires a dull color when exposed to moist air.
- Characteristic Reactions of Magnesium Ions (Mg²⁺)
- Magnesium is a silvery metal that is quite active, reacting slowly with boiling (but not cold) water to give hydrogen and the rather insoluble magnesium hydroxide. It combines easily with oxygen and at high temperatures reacts with such nonmetals as the halogens, sulfur, and even nitrogen.
- Characteristic Reactions of Manganese Ions (Mn²⁺)
- Manganese is a gray or reddish-white metal. Very hard and brittle. Very similar to iron in activity. Dissolves readily in dilute acids.
- Characteristic Reactions of Mercury Ions (Hg²⁺ and Hg₂²⁺)
- Mercury is one of the few liquid elements. It dissolves in oxidizing acids, producing either Hg²⁺ or Hg₂²⁺ , depending on which reagent is in excess. The metal is also soluble in aqua regia ( a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids).
- Characteristic Reactions of Nickel Ions (Ni²⁺)
- Nickel is a silvery-gray metal. Not oxidized by air under ordinary conditions. Easily dissolved in dilute nitric acid.
- Characteristic Reactions of Silver Ions (Ag⁺)
- Silver is a inactive metal. It will react with hot concentrated H2SO4 , with HNO3 , and with aqua regia.
- Characteristic Reactions of Strontium Ions (Sr²⁺)
- Strontium is an active metal, very similar to barium and calcium.
- Characteristic Reactions of Tin Ions (Sn²⁺, Sn⁴⁺)
- Metallic tin is soft and malleable. It slowly dissolves in dilute nonoxidizing acids or more readily in hot concentrated HCl . It reacts with HNO3 to form metastannic acid, H2SnO3 , a white substance insoluble in alkalies or acids. In neutral or only slightly acidic solutions, zinc displaces tin from its compounds, forming the metal.
- Characteristic Reactions of Zinc Ions (Zn²⁺)
- Zinc is a bluish-gray metal. Quite active; burns readily in air to form white ZnO and combines with many nonmetals.
Thumbnail: Lead(II) iodide precipitates when solutions of potassium iodide and lead(II) nitrate are combined. (CC BY-SA 3.0; PRHaney).