16.8: Recommended Primary Standards
- Page ID
- 127262
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)All compounds are of the highest available purity. Metals are cleaned with dilute acid to remove any surface impurities and rinsed with distilled water. Unless otherwise indicated, compounds are dried to a constant weight at 110 oC. Most of these compounds are soluble in dilute acid (1:1 HCl or 1:1 HNO3), with gentle heating if necessary; some of the compounds are water soluble.
| Element | Compound | FW (g/mol) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| aluminum | Al metal | 26.982 | |
| antimony | Sb metal | 121.760 | |
| \(\ce{KSbOC4H4O6}\) | 324.92 | prepared by drying \(\ce{KSbC4H4O6 * 1/2H2O}\) at 100 °C and storing in a desicator | |
| arsenic | As metal | 74.922 | |
| \(\ce{As2O3}\) | 197.84 | toxic | |
| barium | \(\ce{BaCO3}\) | 197.84 | dry at 200 oC for 4 h |
| bismuth | Bi metal | 208.98 | |
| boron | \(\ce{H3BO3}\) | 61.83 | do not dry |
| bromine | KBr | 119.01 | |
| cadmium | Cd metal | 112.411 | |
| CdO | 128.40 | ||
| calcium | \(\ce{CaCO3}\) | 100.09 | |
| cerium | Ce metal | 140.116 | |
| \(\ce{(NH4)2Ce(NO3)4}\) | 548.23 | ||
| cesium | \(\ce{Cs2CO3}\) | 325.82 | |
| \(\ce{Cs2SO4}\) | 361.87 | ||
| chlorine | NaCl | 58.44 | |
| chromium | Cr metal | 51.996 | |
| \(\ce{K2Cr2O7}\) | 294.19 | ||
| cobalt | Co metal | 58.933 | |
| copper | Cu metal | 63.546 | |
| CuO | 79.54 | ||
| fluorine | NaF | 41.99 | do not store solutions in glass containers |
| iodine | KI | 166.00 | |
| \(\ce{KIO3}\) | 214.00 | ||
| iron | Fe metal | 55.845 | |
| lead | Pb metal | 207.2 | |
| lithium | \(\ce{Li2CO3}\) | 73.89 | |
| magnesium | Mg metal | 24.305 | |
| manganese | Mn metal | 54.938 | |
| mercury | Hg metal | 200.59 | |
| molybdenum | Mo metal | 95.94 | |
| nickel | Ni metal | 58.693 | |
| phosphorous | \(\ce{KH2PO4}\) | 136.09 | |
| \(\ce{P2O5}\) | 141.94 | ||
| potassium | KCl | 74.56 | |
| \(\ce{K2CO3}\) | 138.21 | ||
| \(\ce{K2Cr2O7}\) | 294.19 | ||
| \(\ce{KHC8H4O2}\) | 204.23 | ||
| silicon | Si metal | 28.085 | |
| \(\ce{SiO2}\) | 60.08 | ||
| silver | Ag metal | 107.868 | |
| \(\ce{AgNO3}\) | 169.87 | ||
| sodium | NaCl | 58.44 | |
| \(\ce{Na2CO3}\) | 106.00 | ||
| \(\ce{Na2C2O4}\) | 134.00 | ||
| strontium | \(\ce{SrCO3}\) | 147.63 | |
| sulfur | elemental S | 32.066 | |
| \(\ce{K2SO4}\) | 174.27 | ||
| \(\ce{Na2SO4}\) | 142.04 | ||
| tin | Sn metal | 118.710 | |
| titanium | Ti metal | 47.867 | |
| tungsten | W metal | 183.84 | |
| uranium | U metal | 238.029 | |
| \(\ce{U3O8}\) | 842.09 | ||
| vanadium | V metal | 50.942 | |
| zinc | Zn metal | 81.37 |
Sources:
- Smith, B. W.; Parsons, M. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 679–681
- Moody, J. R.; Greenburg, P. R.; Pratt, K. W.; Rains, T. C. Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 1203A–1218A.