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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Athabasca_University/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II/Chapter_21%3A_Carboxylic_Acid_Derivatives%3A_Nucleophilic_Acyl_Substitution_Reactions/21.001_IntroductionThe main type of reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives with which we now shall be concerned are the replacement of \(\ce{X}\) by attack of a nucleophile \(\ce{Nu}^\ominus\) at the carbonyl carbon wi...The main type of reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives with which we now shall be concerned are the replacement of \(\ce{X}\) by attack of a nucleophile \(\ce{Nu}^\ominus\) at the carbonyl carbon with subsequent cleavage of the \(\ce{C-X}\) bond (Equation 18-8) or an nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Athabasca_University/Chemistry_350%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I/08%3A_Alkenes-_Reactions_and_Synthesis/8.S%3A_Alkenes_-_Reactions_and_Synthesis_(Summary)This causes the hydroxide to be added to the more substituted carbon of the original alkene and the halogen to add to the less substituted carbon. Electrophilic hydration is the addition of water to a...This causes the hydroxide to be added to the more substituted carbon of the original alkene and the halogen to add to the less substituted carbon. Electrophilic hydration is the addition of water to an alkene with one carbon adding a hydrogen and the other carbon a hydroxide. Addition of water to alkenes which also contain a stereocenter does not lead to a 50:50 mixture of R and S products as the chiral center can reduce reactivity from one side of the carbocation.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Athabasca_University/Chemistry_350%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I/11%3A_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides-_Nucleophilic_Substitutions_and_Eliminations/11.S%3A_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides_-_Nucleophilic_Substitutions_and_Eliminations_(Summary)A substitution mechanism that has the nucleophile entering at the same time the leaving group leaves, in a concerted step, is called S N 2 - substitution nucleophilic bimolecular. A substitution mecha...A substitution mechanism that has the nucleophile entering at the same time the leaving group leaves, in a concerted step, is called S N 2 - substitution nucleophilic bimolecular. A substitution mechanism that occurs with the leaving group leaving in the first step, creating a carbocation intermediate, followed by the nucleophile entering is called S N 1 - substitution nucleophilic unimolecular.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)/12%3A_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy/12.13%3A_Uses_of_C_NMR_SpectroscopySeveral laboratory applications of C-13 NMR are discussed.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Athabasca_University/Chemistry_350%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I/15%3A_Benzene_and_Aromaticity/15.S%3A_Benzene_and_Aromaticity_(Summary)Aromatic compounds can be drawn with alternating single and double bonds, each atom in the ring must have a p-orbital available. Heats of hydrogenation can be used to show the special stability of ben...Aromatic compounds can be drawn with alternating single and double bonds, each atom in the ring must have a p-orbital available. Heats of hydrogenation can be used to show the special stability of benzene compared to what would be expected for a theoretical cyclohexatriene molecule. Benzene rings can be fused together to give larger aromatic compounds with mutliple rings called polycyclic aromatic compounds (or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Athabasca_University/Chemistry_360%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II/00%3A_Front_Matter/02%3A_InfoPageThe LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the Californ...The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch ® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Wade)/06%3A_Stereochemistry_at_Tetrahedral_Centers/6.09%3A_Stereochemistry_of_Molecules_with_Three_or_More_Asymmetric_CarbonsAs the number of chiral carbons increases, the number of stereoisomers also increases. This sections shows a short cut for compounds with three or more stereocenters.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Wade)/05%3A_An_Introduction_to_Organic_Reactions_using_Free_Radical_Halogenation_of_Alkanes/5.07%3A_Reactive_Intermediates_-_CarbocationsA carbocation is a cation in which carbon has an empty p orbital and bears a positive charge creating a highly reactive intermediate. Comparing the relative stability of reaction intermediates helps ...A carbocation is a cation in which carbon has an empty p orbital and bears a positive charge creating a highly reactive intermediate. Comparing the relative stability of reaction intermediates helps elucidate reaction mechanisms and predict major and minor products.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II_(Wade)/16%3A_Conjugated_Systems_Orbital_Symmetry_and_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopy/16.07%3A_Diels-Alder_StereochemistryThe stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder reaction is studied in more detail.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II_(Wade)/25%3A_Amino_Acids_Peptides_and_Proteins/25.04%3A_Synthesis_of_Amino_AcidsThe amidomalonate synthesis and enantioselective synthesis of amino acids are discussed.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Wade)_Complete_and_Semesters_I_and_II/Map%3A_Organic_Chemistry_II_(Wade)/23%3A_Alpha_Substitutions_and_Condensations_of_Carbonyl_Compounds/23.02%3A_Enols_Enolate_Ions_and_TautomerizationBecause of the acidity of the alpha-hydrogens, carbonyls undergo keto-enol tautomerism.
