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13.7: Chapter Summary and Key Terms

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    152318
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    Chapter Summary

    Kinetic methods of analysis use the rate of a chemical or s physical process to determine an analyte’s concentration. Three types of kinetic methods are discussed in this chapter: chemical kinetic methods, radiochemical methods, and flow injection methods.

    Chemical kinetic methods use the rate of a chemical reaction and either its integrated or its differential rate law. For an integral method, we determine the concentration of analyte—or the concentration of a reactant or product that is related stoichiometrically to the analyte—at one or more points in time following the reaction’s initiation. The initial concentration of analyte is then determined using the integrated form of the reaction’s rate law. Alternatively, we can measure the time required to effect a given change in concentration. In a differential kinetic method we measure the rate of the reaction at a time t, and use the differential form of the rate law to determine the analyte’s concentration.

    Chemical kinetic methods are particularly useful for reactions that are too slow for other analytical methods. For reactions with fast kinetics, automation allows for sampling rates of more than 100 samples/h. Another important application of chemical kinetic methods is the quantitative analysis of enzymes and their substrates, and the characterization of enzyme catalysis.

    Radiochemical methods of analysis take advantage of the decay of radioactive isotopes. A direct measurement of the rate at which a radioactive isotope decays is used to determine its concentration. For an analyte that is not naturally radioactive, neutron activation can be used to induce radio- activity. Isotope dilution, in which we spike a radioactively-labeled form of analyte into the sample, is used as an internal standard for quantitative work.

    In flow injection analysis we inject the sample into a flowing carrier stream that usually merges with additional streams of reagents. As the sample moves with the carrier stream it both reacts with the contents of the carrier stream and with any additional reagent streams, and undergoes dispersion. The resulting fiagram of signal versus time bears some resemblance to a chromatogram. Unlike chromatography, however, flow injection analysis is not a separation technique. Because all components in a sample move with the carrier stream’s flow rate, it is possible to introduce a second sample before the first sample reaches the detector. As a result, flow injection analysis is ideally suited for the rapid throughput of samples.

    Key Terms

    alpha particle

    competitive inhibitor

    equilibrium method

    gamma ray

    inhibitor

    intermediate rate

    kinetic method

    Michaelis constant

    noncompetitive inhibitor

    positron

    rate constant

    scintillation counter

    substrate

    uncompetitive inhibitor

    beta particle

    curve-fitting method

    fiagram

    Geiger counter

    initial rate

    isotope

    Lineweaver-Burk plot

    negatron

    one-point fixed-time integral method

    quench

    rate law

    steady-state approximation

    tracer

    variable time integral method

    centrifugal analyzer

    enzyme

    flow injection analysis

    half-life

    integrated rate law

    isotope dilution

    manifold
    neutron activation

    peristaltic pump

    rate

    rate method

    stopped-flow analyzer

    two-point fixed-time integral method


    This page titled 13.7: Chapter Summary and Key Terms is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Harvey.

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