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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/22%3A_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions/22.02%3A_Redox_Reactions_and_Ionic_CompoundsThis page explains the production of nitric acid from ammonia, emphasizing its use in fertilizers and explosives. It details redox reactions, highlighting the electron transfer, with oxidation as elec...This page explains the production of nitric acid from ammonia, emphasizing its use in fertilizers and explosives. It details redox reactions, highlighting the electron transfer, with oxidation as electron loss and reduction as electron gain. Examples include reactions between zinc and sulfur, and sodium and chlorine, with half-reactions illustrated. Key concepts of oxidation, reduction, and half-reactions are defined, while balancing equations will be discussed in subsequent sections.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.03%3A_Saturated_and_Unsaturated_SolutionsThis page explains recrystallization as a method for purifying compounds by dissolving them in hot solvent and allowing them to precipitate when cooled. It distinguishes between saturated (maximum sol...This page explains recrystallization as a method for purifying compounds by dissolving them in hot solvent and allowing them to precipitate when cooled. It distinguishes between saturated (maximum solute dissolved) and unsaturated (less than maximum) solutions, noting that saturation occurs when the rates of dissolution and recrystallization balance. Undissolved solute indicates a saturated solution, while dissolved excess indicates an unsaturated one.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/15%3A_Water/15.05%3A_Dissolving_ProcessThis page explains the process of making coffee by extracting material from coffee beans using hot water. It details how substances like sugar and milk can enhance the drink through dissolution, where...This page explains the process of making coffee by extracting material from coffee beans using hot water. It details how substances like sugar and milk can enhance the drink through dissolution, where water's polar nature allows it to mix with and stabilize various compounds, such as salt and sugar, through solvation and hydration. The page highlights the interactions between water and both ionic and covalent substances, resulting in a homogeneous mixture.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.07%3A_Percent_SolutionsThis page discusses the variation in numerical recognition across cultures, noting that some do not count beyond three. It highlights American cultural practices in expressing solution concentrations,...This page discusses the variation in numerical recognition across cultures, noting that some do not count beyond three. It highlights American cultural practices in expressing solution concentrations, defining concentrated and dilute solutions, and explaining how concentrations can be represented in mass percent and volume percent. The page includes examples to illustrate methods for calculating these percentages.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.16%3A_Standard_Heat_of_FormationThis page discusses the Hope diamond, valued at $350 million, and compares it to graphite, which is much cheaper. It explains that the differences between these two forms of carbon arise from their di...This page discusses the Hope diamond, valued at $350 million, and compares it to graphite, which is much cheaper. It explains that the differences between these two forms of carbon arise from their distinct organizational structures and formation conditions. It also defines standard heat of formation (ΔHof), describing it as the enthalpy change involved in forming a mole of a compound from its elements at specified standard conditions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/16%3A_Solutions/16.11%3A_MolalityThis page discusses the differences between molarity and molality as measures of solution concentration. Molarity is volume-based and influenced by temperature, while molality is mass-based and unaffe...This page discusses the differences between molarity and molality as measures of solution concentration. Molarity is volume-based and influenced by temperature, while molality is mass-based and unaffected by temperature. An example of a one-molal sodium chloride solution is provided. Although both measures are similar in dilute solutions, they differ significantly in concentrated solutions, making molality the preferred choice in temperature-dependent scenarios.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements/8.13%3A_The_Halogens/8.13.02%3A_Chemical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/8.13.2.01%3A_Halide_Ions_as_Reducing_AgentsThis page examines the redox reactions involving halide ions and concentrated sulfuric acid, using these reactions to discuss the trend in reducing ability of the ions from fluoride to iodide. Two typ...This page examines the redox reactions involving halide ions and concentrated sulfuric acid, using these reactions to discuss the trend in reducing ability of the ions from fluoride to iodide. Two types of reactions might occur when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to a solid ionic halide like sodium fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide. The concentrated sulfuric acid can act as both an acid and an oxidizing agent.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/1Group_17%3A_General_Reactions/Halide_Ions_as_Reducing_AgentsThis page examines the redox reactions involving halide ions and concentrated sulfuric acid, using these reactions to discuss the trend in reducing ability of the ions from fluoride to iodide. Two typ...This page examines the redox reactions involving halide ions and concentrated sulfuric acid, using these reactions to discuss the trend in reducing ability of the ions from fluoride to iodide. Two types of reactions might occur when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to a solid ionic halide like sodium fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide. The concentrated sulfuric acid can act as both an acid and an oxidizing agent.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Chlorides_of_Period_3_ElementsThis page discusses the structures of the chlorides of the Period 3 elements (sodium to sulfur), their physical properties and their reactions with water. Chlorine and argon are omitted—chlorine becau...This page discusses the structures of the chlorides of the Period 3 elements (sodium to sulfur), their physical properties and their reactions with water. Chlorine and argon are omitted—chlorine because it is meaningless to talk about "chlorine chloride", and argon because it is inert and does not form a chloride.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/08%3A_Ionic_and_Metallic_Bonding/8.07%3A_Ionic_Crystal_StructureThis page discusses the value of crystals, especially ruby, for their beauty, utility, and magical attributes. It explains that ionic compounds like sodium chloride create extended three-dimensional s...This page discusses the value of crystals, especially ruby, for their beauty, utility, and magical attributes. It explains that ionic compounds like sodium chloride create extended three-dimensional structures, maximizing attractive forces between cations and anions. Additionally, it highlights the use of visual models, such as ball-and-stick and space-filling diagrams, to represent these structures, which can be analyzed at the atomic level with modern techniques.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.08%3A_Homogeneous_MixtureThis page discusses coffee brewing preferences and explains the difference between pure substances and mixtures, such as salt water. It defines homogeneous mixtures as having a uniform composition, of...This page discusses coffee brewing preferences and explains the difference between pure substances and mixtures, such as salt water. It defines homogeneous mixtures as having a uniform composition, often appearing like pure substances, and notes that mixtures can be separated without changing their identities. Additionally, it emphasizes that all solutions are classified as homogeneous mixtures.
