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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/1Group_13%3A_General_Properties_and_ReactionsThe boron family contains the semi-metal boron (B) and metals aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.04%3A_Extensive_and_Intensive_PropertiesThis page explains extensive and intensive properties of matter, highlighting that extensive properties, like mass and volume, depend on the amount of substance, while intensive properties, such as co...This page explains extensive and intensive properties of matter, highlighting that extensive properties, like mass and volume, depend on the amount of substance, while intensive properties, such as color and electrical conductivity, are independent of sample size. It uses relatable examples, including the cost of mowing a lawn and comparisons of milk volumes and copper wire conductivity, to illustrate these concepts.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/13%3A_States_of_Matter/13.17%3A_Amorphous_SolidsThis page discusses amorphous solids, including rubber, glass, and plastics, highlighting their lack of ordered internal structure compared to crystalline solids. It notes that amorphous materials hav...This page discusses amorphous solids, including rubber, glass, and plastics, highlighting their lack of ordered internal structure compared to crystalline solids. It notes that amorphous materials have no distinct melting points, exhibit isotropic properties, and break irregularly. It acknowledges the advantages of plastics, such as low cost and durability, while also addressing concerns about their environmental impact and the need for enhanced recycling efforts.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/21%3A_Acids_and_Bases/21.02%3A_Properties_of_BasesThis page discusses excess stomach acid and its discomfort, which can be treated with antacids—bases that neutralize acid. Bases, differing from acids, are characterized as bitter-tasting, slippery, a...This page discusses excess stomach acid and its discomfort, which can be treated with antacids—bases that neutralize acid. Bases, differing from acids, are characterized as bitter-tasting, slippery, and color-changing indicators. They do not react with metals but can react with acids to produce salt and water. It also mentions household bases like ammonia and sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, alongside components found in antacids such as magnesium hydroxide.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/06%3A_The_Periodic_Table/6.03%3A_Periodic_LawThis page explains the organization of the periodic table, initially arranged by atomic mass by Mendeleev and later restructured by Moseley to focus on atomic number. This change addressed previous in...This page explains the organization of the periodic table, initially arranged by atomic mass by Mendeleev and later restructured by Moseley to focus on atomic number. This change addressed previous inconsistencies and established the periodic law, stating that elements' properties recur periodically when sorted by atomic number. The importance of atomic number in shaping the periodic table is highlighted.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/08%3A_Ionic_and_Metallic_Bonding/8.01%3A_Electron_Dot_DiagramsThis page explains electron dot diagrams that illustrate valence electrons, which are key for understanding chemical properties and bonding. Valence electrons increase across periodic groups and are r...This page explains electron dot diagrams that illustrate valence electrons, which are key for understanding chemical properties and bonding. Valence electrons increase across periodic groups and are represented as dots around element symbols to minimize repulsion. Similar dot structures are found in groups of representative elements, while transition elements usually have two valence electrons. The diagrams aid in visualizing electron distributions during chemical reactions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/06%3A_The_Periodic_Table/6.07%3A_MetalloidsThis page discusses metalloids, elements with properties that are between metals and nonmetals. Key examples include silicon, important in electronics; boron, used in heat-resistant glass; arsenic, kn...This page discusses metalloids, elements with properties that are between metals and nonmetals. Key examples include silicon, important in electronics; boron, used in heat-resistant glass; arsenic, known for toxicity and reduced use in pesticides; and antimony, which strengthens lead mixtures and is vital for electronic applications. The unique characteristics of metalloids allow them to fulfill diverse roles across various industries.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.06%3A_Physical_ChangeThis page explains physical changes in matter, which maintain identity while altering properties. It distinguishes between reversible changes (like melting ice) that can be restored, and irreversible ...This page explains physical changes in matter, which maintain identity while altering properties. It distinguishes between reversible changes (like melting ice) that can be restored, and irreversible changes (like grinding wood) that cannot. The text encourages exploring these changes through real-life examples, differentiating them from chemical changes.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.07%3A_MixtureThis page explains that lemonade is a mixture of lemon juice, water, and sugar, which retains the individual properties of its components. It discusses the classification of mixtures into homogeneous ...This page explains that lemonade is a mixture of lemon juice, water, and sugar, which retains the individual properties of its components. It discusses the classification of mixtures into homogeneous and heterogeneous categories and further into solutions, colloids, and suspensions based on particle size. Additionally, it notes that the components of mixtures can be separated through physical processes due to differing physical properties.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Westminster_College/CHE_180_-_Inorganic_Chemistry/14%3A_Chapter_14_-_p-Block_Elements/14.1%3A_Group_13/Physical_Properties_of_Group_13The boron family contains the semi-metal boron (B) and metals aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/05%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/5.01%3A_Electromagnetic_SpectrumThis page discusses the concept of waves as forms of energy beyond just water, highlighting the wave nature of light essential for understanding atomic structure. It notes that early atomic models str...This page discusses the concept of waves as forms of energy beyond just water, highlighting the wave nature of light essential for understanding atomic structure. It notes that early atomic models struggled to explain electron behavior, but advancements in the 20th century through light studies provided clarity. Light is presented as part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes a range from gamma rays to radio waves, with visible light spanning 400-700 nm and traveling at 3.
