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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/16%3A_Appendix/16.16%3A_Countercurrent_SeparationsIn 1949, Lyman Craig improved the separation of analytes with similar distribution ratios through countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction, offering a foundational understanding of chromatographic sepa...In 1949, Lyman Craig improved the separation of analytes with similar distribution ratios through countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction, offering a foundational understanding of chromatographic separations. Unlike sequential extractions, countercurrent extraction involves serial extraction of both sample and extracting phases. While outdated due to chromotography's efficiency, it remains instructive theoretically.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/09%3A_Separation_Purification_and_Identification_of_Organic_Compounds/9.03%3A_Chromatographic_Separation_ProceduresMany separation methods are based on chromatography, that is, separation of the components of a mixture by differences in the way they become distributed (or partitioned) between two different phases....Many separation methods are based on chromatography, that is, separation of the components of a mixture by differences in the way they become distributed (or partitioned) between two different phases. Liquid-solid chromatography originally was developed for the separation of colored substances, hence the name chromatography, which stems from the Greek word chroma meaning color.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.06%3A_Classifying_Separation_TechniquesThe document details various analytical separation techniques based on differences in chemical or physical properties between analytes and interferents. It includes methods like filtration, dialysis, ...The document details various analytical separation techniques based on differences in chemical or physical properties between analytes and interferents. It includes methods like filtration, dialysis, and chromatography for size-based separations; centrifugation for mass or density differences; masking for complexation reactions; and techniques such as distillation, sublimation, and recrystallization for changes in physical or chemical states.