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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_Online_(Young)/11%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/11.3%3A_Beta_Particle_EmissionAdding the atomic numbers on the right side of the equation shown above gives {(-1) + (+1) = 0}; identical to the “atomic number” in the neutron (n10); (even though a neutron can break do...Adding the atomic numbers on the right side of the equation shown above gives {(-1) + (+1) = 0}; identical to the “atomic number” in the neutron (n10); (even though a neutron can break down to produce a proton, there are no actual protons in a neutron, hence its atomic number is zero). Because the neutron is converted into a proton, the atomic number of the element increases by one unit, changing the identity of the element to the next highest in the periodic table.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Irvine/UCI%3A_General_Chemistry_1A_(OpenChem)/185Isotopes_Natural_Abundance_and_Molecular_Mass_(OpenChem)
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_StructureThis page details the evolution of atomic theory from ancient Greece to modern science, contrasting Democritus's indivisible atoms with Aristotle's divisible matter. It discusses fundamental laws of c...This page details the evolution of atomic theory from ancient Greece to modern science, contrasting Democritus's indivisible atoms with Aristotle's divisible matter. It discusses fundamental laws of chemistry, like conservation of mass, and pivotal experiments such as Rutherford's gold foil and J.J. Thomson's cathode ray tube that reveal atomic structure.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.19%3A_Atomic_Mass_UnitThis page highlights the historical importance of standardized measurements in the U.S., particularly in science for consistent data comparison. It establishes the carbon-12 atom as the reference for ...This page highlights the historical importance of standardized measurements in the U.S., particularly in science for consistent data comparison. It establishes the carbon-12 atom as the reference for atomic mass, defining one atomic mass unit as one twelfth of carbon-12's mass. The variations in atomic masses, such as oxygen-16, are discussed due to nucleus interactions, and a mass spectrometer is identified as the tool for measuring these atomic masses.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/General_Chemistry_Supplement_(Eames)/Chemistry_Basics/Discovering_Sub-atomic_ParticlesThe ray that comes out of the cathode is the same whatever the material, and he found that you can generate the same particle by heating metal filaments very hot or exposing a metal surface to UV ligh...The ray that comes out of the cathode is the same whatever the material, and he found that you can generate the same particle by heating metal filaments very hot or exposing a metal surface to UV light (the light that gives you sunburns). Moseley's work showed that the ordering of the periodic table is based on the atomic number, which is the number of positive charges in the nucleus and also the number of electrons.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/13%3A_Kinetic_Methods/13.03%3A_RadiochemistryThis page explains the concept of isotopes, which are elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, and their applications in radioactive decay analysis. It describes the...This page explains the concept of isotopes, which are elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, and their applications in radioactive decay analysis. It describes the types of radioactive decay particles (alpha, beta, gamma rays, and X-rays) and the role of isotopes in identifying nuclear stability. It also covers the mathematical models for radioactive decay, including first-order kinetics and half-life calculations.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.07%3A_AtomThis page explains that atoms are the smallest particles of an element, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Each element has a unique number of protons, and atoms are electrically neutral ...This page explains that atoms are the smallest particles of an element, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Each element has a unique number of protons, and atoms are electrically neutral due to the equal number of protons and electrons. Although they are generally small, their sizes differ among elements. The helium atom model is used to illustrate the basic atomic structure, featuring a nucleus of protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting around it.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.14%3A_Gold_Foil_ExperimentThis page discusses Rutherford's 1911 gold foil experiment, which challenged the prevailing atomic model by demonstrating that some alpha particles were significantly deflected. This led to the propos...This page discusses Rutherford's 1911 gold foil experiment, which challenged the prevailing atomic model by demonstrating that some alpha particles were significantly deflected. This led to the proposal of a nuclear model of the atom, with a dense, positively charged nucleus made up of protons and neutrons, and electrons surrounding it in a cloud, highlighting that most of the atom is empty space. This was a pivotal advancement in atomic theory.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Irvine/UCI%3A_General_Chemistry_1A_(OpenChem)/186Structure_of_an_Atom_(OpenChem)
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.06%3A_Nuclear_Fission_ProcessesThis page discusses nuclear fission, a process discovered in the 1930s that occurs when a neutron collides with a nucleus, causing it to split and release energy. It begins with a slow neutron interac...This page discusses nuclear fission, a process discovered in the 1930s that occurs when a neutron collides with a nucleus, causing it to split and release energy. It begins with a slow neutron interacting with uranium-235, leading to a chain reaction that can release more neutrons and energy. The page highlights the conservation of mass and proton count in fission equations, emphasizing that not all neutron collisions result in fission, but the potential for continued reactions exists.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.18%3A_IsotopesThis page explains that isotopes are variants of the same element with identical proton counts but differing neutron numbers, leading to varied atomic masses. It describes the term "nuclide" as referr...This page explains that isotopes are variants of the same element with identical proton counts but differing neutron numbers, leading to varied atomic masses. It describes the term "nuclide" as referring to a specific isotope's nucleus. Using carbon as an example, it mentions three natural isotopes: carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. While isotopes change atomic mass, they do not affect chemical reactivity, which is determined by the number of electrons and protons.
