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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/01%3A_The_Basics/1.01%3A_The_System_and_the_SurroundingsThe page discusses the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, emphasizing the importance of defining key terms like "system" and "surroundings." Various types of systems are identified, such as open, closed, a...The page discusses the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, emphasizing the importance of defining key terms like "system" and "surroundings." Various types of systems are identified, such as open, closed, and isolated systems, based on how they allow matter and energy transfer. The distinctions between homogeneous and heterogeneous systems are also outlined, along with the significance of intensive and extensive variables.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/South_Puget_Sound_Community_College/Chem_121%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry/02%3A_Chapter_2_-_Measurements/2.01%3A_Units_in_Measurements/2.1.03%3A_Measurement_and_Scale_-_The_Mole_Concept/2.1.3.01%3A_Avogadro's_Number_and_the_MoleThe chemical changes we observe always involve discrete numbers of atoms that rearrange themselves into new configurations. These numbers are far too large in magnitude for us to count , but they are ...The chemical changes we observe always involve discrete numbers of atoms that rearrange themselves into new configurations. These numbers are far too large in magnitude for us to count , but they are still numbers, and we need to have a way to deal with them. We also need a bridge between these numbers, which we are unable to measure directly, and the weights of substances, which we do measure and observe. The mole concept provides this bridge, and is key to all of quantitative chemistry.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Missouri/MU%3A__1330H_(Keller)/07._Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.1%3A_Development_of_the_Periodic_TableThe periodic table arranges the elements according to their electron configurations, such that elements in the same column have the same valence electron configurations. Periodic variations in size an...The periodic table arranges the elements according to their electron configurations, such that elements in the same column have the same valence electron configurations. Periodic variations in size and chemical properties are important factors in dictating the types of chemical reactions the elements undergo and the kinds of chemical compounds they form. The modern periodic table was based on empirical correlations of properties such as atomic mass.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Chemistry_101A/Topic_E%3A_Atomic_Structure/08%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/8.01%3A_Development_of_the_Periodic_TableThe periodic table arranges the elements according to their electron configurations, such that elements in the same column have the same valence electron configurations. Periodic variations in size an...The periodic table arranges the elements according to their electron configurations, such that elements in the same column have the same valence electron configurations. Periodic variations in size and chemical properties are important factors in dictating the types of chemical reactions the elements undergo and the kinds of chemical compounds they form. The modern periodic table was based on empirical correlations of properties such as atomic mass.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/08%3A_Phase_Equilibrium/8.05%3A_The_Clausius-Clapeyron_EquationThe page discusses the derivation and application of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation for phase equilibria involving gas phases, focusing on vaporization. It explains the equation's construction, assum...The page discusses the derivation and application of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation for phase equilibria involving gas phases, focusing on vaporization. It explains the equation's construction, assumptions (e.g., treating vapor as an ideal gas), and integration. An example problem uses known temperature and vapor pressure conditions to find the enthalpy of vaporization (ΔHvap).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/07%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/7.01%3A_Development_of_the_Periodic_TableThe periodic table arranges the elements according to their electron configurations, such that elements in the same column have the same valence electron configurations. Periodic variations in size an...The periodic table arranges the elements according to their electron configurations, such that elements in the same column have the same valence electron configurations. Periodic variations in size and chemical properties are important factors in dictating the types of chemical reactions the elements undergo and the kinds of chemical compounds they form. The modern periodic table was based on empirical correlations of properties such as atomic mass.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/10%3A_The_Mole/10.07%3A_Conversions_Between_Moles_and_Gas_VolumeThis page discusses the measurement of gas volume in chemistry, focusing on the calculation of moles for optimal reactions. It highlights the concept of molar volume at standard temperature and pressu...This page discusses the measurement of gas volume in chemistry, focusing on the calculation of moles for optimal reactions. It highlights the concept of molar volume at standard temperature and pressure (STP), where 1mol=22.4L, and provides examples for converting gas volumes to moles and vice versa. The importance of maintaining STP conditions during these calculations is emphasized, along with practice questions for further comprehension.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_North_Texas/UNT%3A_CHEM_1410_-_General_Chemistry_for_Science_Majors_I/Text/09%3A_Gases/9.06%3A_Avogadro's_LawAvogadro’s law or Avogadro’s hypothesis argues that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Western_Washington_University/Biophysical_Chemistry_(Smirnov_and_McCarty)/01%3A_Biochemical_Thermodynamics/1.01%3A_Thermodynamic_Variables_and_Equations_of_StateClassical thermodynamics provides a physical framework from which we can understand the behavior of molecular systems in the biological sciences at a quantitative level. This chapter introduces some o...Classical thermodynamics provides a physical framework from which we can understand the behavior of molecular systems in the biological sciences at a quantitative level. This chapter introduces some of the concepts relating to properties of a system and the surroundings that we will need to study classical thermodynamics. In this chapter we will focus on how the macroscopic properties of a system are related to and depend on the properties of the constituent atoms and molecules.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.01%3A_Prelude_to_ThermodynamicsThe text discusses thermodynamics, highlighting a quote from Albert Einstein praising the simplicity and universality of its laws. Thermodynamics is the study of energy flow in systems and the univers...The text discusses thermodynamics, highlighting a quote from Albert Einstein praising the simplicity and universality of its laws. Thermodynamics is the study of energy flow in systems and the universe, often involving complex relationships related to basic energy principles. It plays a crucial role in processes like powering cars, electronics, and heating.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemical_Principles_for_Medical_Students/02%3A_Periodic_Properties_of_the_Elements/2.01%3A_Development_of_the_Periodic_TableThe periodic table arranges the elements according to their electron configurations, such that elements in the same column have the same valence electron configurations. Periodic variations in size an...The periodic table arranges the elements according to their electron configurations, such that elements in the same column have the same valence electron configurations. Periodic variations in size and chemical properties are important factors in dictating the types of chemical reactions the elements undergo and the kinds of chemical compounds they form. The modern periodic table was based on empirical correlations of properties such as atomic mass.
