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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.03%3A_EntropyThe page discusses the Carnot engine and its relationship with temperature and efficiency. It explains how the total heat transferred in the cycle is derived, showing that heat (q) is not a state func...The page discusses the Carnot engine and its relationship with temperature and efficiency. It explains how the total heat transferred in the cycle is derived, showing that heat (q) is not a state function due to its net change around a closed cycle being non-zero. However, when considering the sum of q/T, it results in zero, which aligns with the behavior of a state function.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_Angeles_Trade_Technical_College/Analytical_Chemistry/2%3A_Analytical_Chemistry_2.0_(Harvey)/15%3A_Developing_a_Standard_Method/15.1%3A_Optimizing_the_Experimental_ProcedureDeveloping a standard method requires optimizing multiple aspects. Using the terminology of statisticians, we call the solution’s absorbance the system’s response. Hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid ...Developing a standard method requires optimizing multiple aspects. Using the terminology of statisticians, we call the solution’s absorbance the system’s response. Hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid are factors whose concentrations, or factor levels, determine the system’s response. To optimize the method we need to find the best combination of factor levels. Usually we seek a maximum response, but sometimes, such as minimizing an analysis’s percent error, we are looking for a minimum response.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Colorado_State_University_Pueblo/Elementary_Concepts_in_Physics_and_Chemistry/08%3A_Chapter_8_-_Energy/8.05%3A_Conservation_of_EnergyThe law of conservation of energy states that the total energy is constant in any process. Energy may change in form or be transferred from one system to another, but the total remains the same. When ...The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy is constant in any process. Energy may change in form or be transferred from one system to another, but the total remains the same. When all forms of energy are considered, conservation of energy is written in equation form as \[KE_i + PE_i + W_{nc} + OE_i = KE_f + PE_f + OE_f ,\] where \(OE\) is all other forms of energy besides mechanical energy.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Los_Angeles_Trade_Technical_College/Analytical_Chemistry/2%3A_Analytical_Chemistry_2.0_(Harvey)/13%3A_Chromatographic/13.7%3A_ElectrophoresisElectrophoresis is a class of separation techniques in which we separate analytes by their ability to move through a conductive medium—usually an aqueous buffer—in response to an applied electric fiel...Electrophoresis is a class of separation techniques in which we separate analytes by their ability to move through a conductive medium—usually an aqueous buffer—in response to an applied electric field. In the absence of other effects, cations migrate toward the electric field’s negatively charged cathode.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/25%3A_Organic_Chemistry/25.10%3A_EthersThis page discusses how race car drivers legally enhance speed through methods like efficient gasoline combustion. It notes the phase-out of methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) due to contamination issues. Et...This page discusses how race car drivers legally enhance speed through methods like efficient gasoline combustion. It notes the phase-out of methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) due to contamination issues. Ethers, organic compounds with an oxygen atom between two hydrocarbon groups, are defined by IUPAC rules, are water-soluble, and have lower boiling points than alcohols due to weaker intermolecular forces. Ethers, once used as anesthetics, are now mainly used as solvents for organic compounds.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/20%3A_Entropy_and_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics/20.07%3A_Thermodynamics_Provides_Insight_into_the_Conversion_of_Heat_into_WorkThis page discusses energy transfer via heat and work, highlighting the second law of thermodynamics which restricts heat-to-work conversion. It describes the Carnot cycle, detailing its four stages a...This page discusses energy transfer via heat and work, highlighting the second law of thermodynamics which restricts heat-to-work conversion. It describes the Carnot cycle, detailing its four stages and efficiency formula \( \eta = 1 - \frac{T_c}{T_h} \). It also covers a circular reversible process on a PV diagram and emphasizes the role of temperature in determining efficiency.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/7.05%3A_General_Theory_of_Separation_EffiiciencyThe page explains the process of analytical separation, which aims to isolate an analyte or remove an interferent from a sample matrix. A distinction is made between the chemical or physical propertie...The page explains the process of analytical separation, which aims to isolate an analyte or remove an interferent from a sample matrix. A distinction is made between the chemical or physical properties of these components to achieve separation. Key concepts include the analyte's and interferent's recoveries, defined by specific equations, and the separation factor.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/05%3A_The_Second_Law/5.02%3A_Heat_Engines_and_the_Carnot_CycleThe document discusses the concept of heat engines, particularly focusing on Sadi Carnot's theoretical model of a heat engine, the Carnot cycle, which examines the conversion of heat into work and the...The document discusses the concept of heat engines, particularly focusing on Sadi Carnot's theoretical model of a heat engine, the Carnot cycle, which examines the conversion of heat into work and the limitations imposed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The text explains the Carnot cycle's four reversible stages and presents formulas to calculate engine efficiency, emphasizing that perfect conversion of heat to work is not practical.
