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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Phase_Equilibria/23.05%3A_Chemical_Potential_Can_be_Evaluated_From_a_Partition_FunctionThis page explores the connections between chemical potential, Helmholtz energy, and the partition function in thermodynamics. It defines internal energy and entropy using the partition function and e...This page explores the connections between chemical potential, Helmholtz energy, and the partition function in thermodynamics. It defines internal energy and entropy using the partition function and establishes that Helmholtz energy can be expressed as A=−RTlnQ.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/26%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/26.02%3A_An_Equilibrium_Constant_is_a_Function_of_Temperature_OnlyThis page explains the relationship between Gibbs energy and equilibrium constants using the Van't Hoff equation, which connects temperature, equilibrium constant K, and reaction enthalpy \(\Delta...This page explains the relationship between Gibbs energy and equilibrium constants using the Van't Hoff equation, which connects temperature, equilibrium constant K, and reaction enthalpy ΔrH. It discusses how pressure and temperature changes affect equilibrium positions per Le Chatelier's Principle and clarifies the relationship between concentration and pressure in ideal gases, including the influence of activity coefficients in non-ideal solutions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Wisconsin_Oshkosh/Chem_370%3A_Physical_Chemistry_1_-_Thermodynamics_(Gutow)/01%3A_Thermodynamics/1.08%3A_Extended_Explanations_-_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_Energies/1.8.02%3A_Gibbs_Energy_Determines_the_Direction_of_Spontaneity_at_Constant_Pressure_and_TemperatureGibbs energy is the maximum amount of non-PV work that can be extracted from a thermodynamically closed system. At constant temperature and pressure, Gibbs energy determines the direction of spont...Gibbs energy is the maximum amount of non-PV work that can be extracted from a thermodynamically closed system. At constant temperature and pressure, Gibbs energy determines the direction of spontaneous processes, such as chemical reactions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Western_Washington_University/Biophysical_Chemistry_(Smirnov_and_McCarty)/01%3A_Biochemical_Thermodynamics/1.06%3A_The_Gibbs_and_Helmholtz_EnergyIn this chapter we introduce two additional state properties: the Gibbs energy and the Helmholtz energy. These additional variables are useful for allowing us to determine the direction of spontaneous...In this chapter we introduce two additional state properties: the Gibbs energy and the Helmholtz energy. These additional variables are useful for allowing us to determine the direction of spontaneous change without having to directly calculate the change in entropy of the universe from the second law. The Gibbs energy has particular importance in biochemistry. Emphasis is placed on the thermodynamics of mixtures and phase separations.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/06%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.11%3A_Some_Final_Thoughts_on_Equilibrium_CalculationsThe chapter discusses tools for evaluating system composition at equilibrium, highlighting the importance of selecting the appropriate tool based on the precision required. It emphasizes the need to i...The chapter discusses tools for evaluating system composition at equilibrium, highlighting the importance of selecting the appropriate tool based on the precision required. It emphasizes the need to include all relevant equilibrium reactions to prevent errors. It introduces computational programs like Visual Minteq and CurTiPot for modeling equilibria and the R package CHNOSZ for thermodynamic calculations in aqueous geochemistry.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/26%3A_Chemical_EquilibriumThis page explains chemical equilibrium, highlighting that it occurs when Gibbs energy is minimized. It discusses the link between equilibrium constants, temperature, and standard Gibbs energies, intr...This page explains chemical equilibrium, highlighting that it occurs when Gibbs energy is minimized. It discusses the link between equilibrium constants, temperature, and standard Gibbs energies, introduces the reaction quotient for assessing reaction direction, and emphasizes Gibbs energy's role in spontaneity. The van 't Hoff equation is also described, along with the challenges in calculating equilibrium constants for real gases through fugacity.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Lebanon_Valley_College/CHM_312%3A_Physical_Chemistry_II_(Lebanon_Valley_College)/04%3A_State_Functions_in_Thermodynamics/4.03%3A_Gibbs_Energy_Determines_the_Direction_of_Spontaneity_at_Constant_Pressure_and_TemperatureGibbs energy is the maximum amount of non-PV work that can be extracted from a thermodynamically closed system. At constant temperature and pressure, Gibbs energy determines the direction of spont...Gibbs energy is the maximum amount of non-PV work that can be extracted from a thermodynamically closed system. At constant temperature and pressure, Gibbs energy determines the direction of spontaneous processes, such as chemical reactions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/22%3A_Helmholtz_and_Gibbs_EnergiesThis page outlines key thermodynamic concepts, focusing on spontaneity through Helmholtz and Gibbs energies. It discusses ideal gas properties, emphasizing enthalpy's pressure independence, and introd...This page outlines key thermodynamic concepts, focusing on spontaneity through Helmholtz and Gibbs energies. It discusses ideal gas properties, emphasizing enthalpy's pressure independence, and introduces thermodynamic functions defined by natural variables. The standard state conditions for gases are mentioned, alongside fugacity, which measures gas non-ideality and enables real gas calculations using ideal gas equations.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Free_Energy/Gibbs_(Free)_EnergyGibbs free energy, denoted G , combines enthalpy and entropy into a single value. The change in free energy, ΔG , is equal to the sum of the enthalpy plus the product of the temperature and entropy o...Gibbs free energy, denoted G , combines enthalpy and entropy into a single value. The change in free energy, ΔG , is equal to the sum of the enthalpy plus the product of the temperature and entropy of the system. ΔG can predict the direction of the chemical reaction under two conditions: constant temperature and constant pressure.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/26%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/26.06%3A_The_Sign_of_G_and_not_G_Determines_the_Direction_of_Reaction_SpontaneityThis page explains the difference between Gibbs energy of reaction (ΔrG) and standard state Gibbs energy of reaction (ΔrG∘). It notes that ΔrG∘ indicates that t...This page explains the difference between Gibbs energy of reaction (ΔrG) and standard state Gibbs energy of reaction (ΔrG∘). It notes that ΔrG∘ indicates that the formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen is favored under standard conditions. The Gibbs energy changes with composition and becomes zero at equilibrium when the reaction quotient matches the equilibrium constant.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/24%3A_Solutions_I_-_Volatile_Solutes/24.04%3A_Ideal_Solutions_obey_Raoult's_LawThis page explains that volatile liquids vaporize at higher temperatures, with their behavior described by Raoult’s Law, predicting vapor pressure and composition favoring volatile compounds. Phase di...This page explains that volatile liquids vaporize at higher temperatures, with their behavior described by Raoult’s Law, predicting vapor pressure and composition favoring volatile compounds. Phase diagrams illustrate temperature and composition relationships. Distillation is used to purify volatile components. Ideal solutions show decreased Gibbs free energy during mixing, confirming spontaneity, with negligible enthalpy changes.
