Chapter 12: Solids
- Page ID
- 23868
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- Chapter 12.1: Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
- This page explores the differences between crystalline and amorphous solids. Crystalline solids have ordered structures, uniform forces, distinct melting points, and unique x-ray patterns, while amorphous solids are irregular, melt over broader temperature ranges, and have disordered atomic arrangements. Recognizing these differences is important for understanding solid properties and behaviors.
- Chapter 12.2: Arrangement of Atoms in Crystals
- This page covers the fundamentals of unit cells in crystalline solids, explaining their roles in forming crystal lattices and highlighting types like simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and close-packed structures. It discusses density calculations using metallic iron as an example, illustrating the relationship between molar mass, volume, and atomic arrangements. Efficiency of packing is analyzed, noting that simple cubic occupies 52%, bcc 68%, and close-packed structures 74% of space.
- Chapter 12.3 : Stucture of Simple Binary Compounds
- This page explores the structural characteristics of binary compounds in ionic solids, focusing on the arrangements of cations and anions in different lattice types and the influence of cation:anion radius ratios on structure. It highlights examples such as cesium chloride and sodium chloride, and discusses the coordination of ions in tetrahedral and octahedral holes, using ZnS and perovskite structures.
- Chapter 12.4: Crystal Defects
- This page examines defects in crystal lattices, detailing point, line, and plane defects, and how they arise from impurities and external stresses. It emphasizes the role of dislocations in material deformation and work hardening, indicating their impact on strength. The discussion includes nonstoichiometric compounds, defect types in ionic crystals, and the influence of impurities on physical properties and conductivity.
- Chapter 12.5: Bonding and Properties of Solids
- This page categorizes solids into four main types: ionic, molecular, covalent, and metallic. Ionic solids are hard with high melting points due to strong electrostatic bonds. Molecular solids are softer with lower melting points from weaker interactions. Covalent solids, like diamond and graphite, are hard and have high melting points, with graphite uniquely conducting electricity. Metallic solids exhibit conductivity and malleability due to delocalized electrons.
- Chapter 12.6: Metals and Semiconductors
- This page delves into band theory, which explains the electrical properties of solids like metals, insulators, and semiconductors through energy bands formed from atomic orbitals. It describes how conductivity varies based on the filling of these bands and the effects of doping semiconductors with impurities to create n-type and p-type materials.
- Chapter 12.7: Superconductors
- This page explores superconductivity, originating with H. Kamerlingh Onnes's discovery of zero resistance at low temperatures. It explains the Meissner effect and BCS theory that describes electron behavior leading to superconductivity. Key applications include efficient power cables and magnetic levitation. The page also discusses structural differences in superconductors, particularly with Cu atom chains, and notes significant advances in high-temperature superconductors like YBa2Cu3O7−x.
- Chapter 12.8: Polymers
- This page introduces polymers, explaining the differences between synthetic and biological types, their formation through polymerization, and applications in various industries. It highlights synthetic polymers like nylon for durability and customization. Furthermore, it discusses advanced fibers such as carbon nanotubes, known for their strength and lightweight properties, and boron fibers, valued for their strength and oxidation resistance despite their cost.
- Chapter 12.9: Modern Materials
- Ceramics are nonmetallic, inorganic solids that are typically strong; they have high melting points but are brittle. The two major classes of modern ceramics are ceramic oxides and nonoxide ceramics, which are composed of nonmetal carbides or nitrides. The production of ceramics generally involves pressing a powder of the material into the desired shape and sintering at a temperature just below its melting point. The necessary fine powders of ceramic oxides with uniformly sized particles can be
- Chapter 12.10: End of Chapter Material
- This page explores application problems in chemistry, focusing on semiconductors, electrical conductivity, and materials. It analyzes cadmium selenide's temperature behavior, the benefits of superconductors, and alloy diffusion issues in circuit boards. It also reviews the properties of glasses and polymers, their structural differences, and use in biomedical devices.