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20.9 Organometallic Reagents

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    32960
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    The alkali metals (Li, Na, K etc.) and the alkaline earth metals (Mg and Ca, together with Zn) are good reducing agents, the former being stronger than the latter. These same metals reduce the carbon-halogen bonds of alkyl halides. The halogen is converted to a halide anion, and the carbon bonds to the metal which has characteristics similar to a carbanion (R:-).

    Formation of Organometallic Reagents

    Many organometallic reagents are commercially available, however, it is often necessary to make then. The following equations illustrate these reactions for the commonly used metals lithium and magnesium (R may be hydrogen or alkyl groups in any combination).

    • An Alkyl Lithium Reagent

    \[ \ce{R3C-X} + \ce{2Li} \rightarrow \ce{R3C-Li} + \ce{LiX}\]

    • A Grignard Regent

    \[\ce{R3C-X} + \ce{Mg} \rightarrow \ce{R3C-MgX}\]

    Halide reactivity in these reactions increases in the order: Cl < Br < I and Fluorides are usually not used. The alkyl magnesium halides described in the second reaction are called Grignard Reagents after the French chemist, Victor Grignard, who discovered them and received the Nobel prize in 1912 for this work. The other metals mentioned above react in a similar manner, but Grignard and Alky Lithium Reagents most widely used. Although the formulas drawn here for the alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents reflect the stoichiometry of the reactions and are widely used in the chemical literature, they do not accurately depict the structural nature of these remarkable substances. Mixtures of polymeric and other associated and complexed species are in equilibrium under the conditions normally used for their preparation.

    A suitable solvent must be used. For alkyl lithium formation pentane or hexane are usually used. Diethyl ether can also be used but the subsequent alkyl lithium reagent must be used immediately after preparation due to an interaction with the solvent. Ethyl ether or THF are essential for Grignard reagent formation. Lone pair electrons from two ether molecules form a complex with the magnesium in the Grignard reagent (As pictured below). This complex helps stabilize the organometallic and increases its ability to react.

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.png

    These reactions are obviously substitution reactions, but they cannot be classified as nucleophilic substitutions, as were the earlier reactions of alkyl halides. Because the functional carbon atom has been reduced, the polarity of the resulting functional group is inverted (an originally electrophilic carbon becomes nucleophilic). This change, shown below, makes alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents excellent nucleophiles and useful reactants in synthesis.

    http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Images2/fncpolar.gif

    Examples

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.png

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.png

    Common Organometallic Reagents

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.png

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.png

    Reaction of Organometallic Reagents with Various Carbonyls

    Because organometallic reagents react as their corresponding carbanion, they are excellent nucleophiles. The basic reaction involves the nucleophilic attack of the carbanionic carbon in the organometallic reagent with the electrophilic carbon in the carbonyl to form alcohols.

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.png

    Both Grignard and Organolithium Reagents will perform these reactions

    Addition to formaldehyde gives 1o alcohols

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.png

    Addition to aldehydes gives 2o alcohols

    11.jpg

    Addition to ketones gives 3o alcohols

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.png

    Addition to carbon dioxide (CO2) forms a carboxylic acid

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.png

    Examples

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.png

    Going from Reactants to Products Simplified

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.png

    Mechanism for the Addition to Carbonyls

    The mechanism for a Grignard agent is shown. The mechanism for an organometallic reagent is the same.

    1) Nucleophilic attack

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.png

    2) Protonation

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.png

    Organometallic Reagents as Bases

    These reagents are very strong bases (pKa's of saturated hydrocarbons range from 42 to 50). Although not usually done with Grignard reagents, organolithium reagents can be used as strong bases. Both Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents react with water to form the corresponding hydrocarbon. This is why so much care is needed to insure dry glassware and solvents when working with organometallic reagents.

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.png

    In fact, the reactivity of Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents can be exploited to create a new method for the conversion of halogens to the corresponding hydrocarbon (illustrated below). The halogen is converted to an organometallic reagent and then subsequently reacted with water to from an alkane.

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.png

    Conjugate base anions of terminal alkynes (acetylide anions) are nucleophiles, and can do both nucleophilic substitution and nucleophilic addition reactions.

    Formation of Acetylide Anions

    Terminal alkynes are much more acidic than most other hydrocarbons. Removal of the proton leads to the formation of an acetylide anion, RC=C:-. The origin of the enhanced acidity can be attributed to the stability of the acetylide anion, which has the unpaired electrons in an sp hybridized orbital. The stability results from occupying an orbital with a high degree of s-orbital character.

    There is a strong correlation between s-character in the orbital containing the non-bonding electrons in the anion and the acidity of hydrocarbons. The enhanced acidity with greater s-character occurs despite the fact that the homolytic C-H BDE is larger.

    Compound Conjugate Base Hybridization "s Character" pKa C-H BDE (kJ/mol)
    CH3CH3 CH3CH2- sp3 25% 50 410
    CH2CH2 CH2CH- sp2 33% 44 473
    HCCH HCC- sp 50% 25 523

    Consequently, acetylide anions can be readily formed by deprotonation using a sufficiently strong base. Amide anion (NH2-), in the form of NaNH2​ is commonly used for the formation of acetylide anions.

    clipboard_1395413234245.png

    clipboard_1395411745257.png

    Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Acetylides

    Acetylide anions are strong bases and strong nucleophiles. Therefore, they are able to displace halides and other leaving groups in substitution reactions. The product is a substituted alkyne.

    clipboard_1395411301321.png

    Because the ion is a very strong base, the substitution reaction is most efficient with methyl or primary halides without substitution near the reaction center,

    clipboard_1395413624963.png

    clipboard_1395413388514.png

    Secondary, tertiary or even bulky primary substrates will give elimination by the E2 mechanism.

    clipboard_1395413821274.png

    Limitation of Organometallic Reagents

    As discussed above, Grignard and organolithium reagents are powerful bases. Because of this they cannot be used as nucleophiles on compounds which contain acidic hydrogens. If they are used they will act as a base and deprotonate the acidic hydrogen rather than act as a nucleophile and attack the carbonyl. A partial list of functional groups which cannot be used are: alcohols, amides, 1o amines, 2o amines, carboxylic acids, and terminal alkynes.

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.png

    Problems

    1) Please write the product of the following reactions.

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image042.png

    2) Please indicate the starting material required to produce the product.

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.png

    3) Please give a detailed mechanism and the final product of this reaction

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image046.png

    4) Please show two sets of reactants which could be used to synthesize the following molecule using a Grignard reaction.

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.png

    Answers

    1)

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image050.png

    2)

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.png

    3)

    Nucleophilic attack

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image054.png

    Protonation

    28.jpg

    4)

    File:/C:\Users\Joy\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image058.png

    Contributors

    Prof. Steven Farmer (Sonoma State University)

    William Reusch, Professor Emeritus (Michigan State U.), Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry


    20.9 Organometallic Reagents is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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