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General Chemistry
Chapter 8. Introduction to Solutions and Aqueous Reactions

Chapter 8. Introduction to Solutions and Aqueous Reactions

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Jun 23, 2019
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- Rutgers eLearning Homework
- 8.1: The Dissolution Process

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Topic hierarchy

8.1: The Dissolution Process
A solution forms when two or more substances combine physically to yield a mixture that is homogeneous at the molecular level. The solvent is the most concentrated component and determines the physical state of the solution. The solutes are the other components typically present at concentrations less than that of the solvent. Solutions may form endothermically or exothermically, depending upon the relative magnitudes of solute and solvent intermolecular attractive forces.
8.2: Electrolytes
Substances that dissolve in water to yield ions are called electrolytes. Electrolytes may be covalent compounds that chemically react with water to produce ions (for example, acids and bases), or they may be ionic compounds that dissociate to yield their constituent cations and anions, when dissolved. Dissolution of an ionic compound is facilitated by ion-dipole attractions between the ions of the compound and the polar water molecules.
8.3: Solubility
The extent to which one substance will dissolve in another is determined by several factors, including the types and relative strengths of intermolecular attractive forces that may exist between the substances’ atoms, ions, or molecules. This tendency to dissolve is quantified as substance’s solubility, its maximum concentration in a solution at equilibrium under specified conditions. A saturated solution contains solute at a concentration equal to its solubility.
8.4: Solution Concentrations
In the laboratory, in your body, and in the outside environment, the majority of chemical reactions take place in solutions. Macroscopically a solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, that is, a mixture which appears to be uniform throughout. On the microscopic scale a solution involves the random arrangement of one kind of atom or molecule with respect to another.
8.5: Dilutions and Concentrations
Calculate the new concentration or volume for a dilution or concentration of a solution.
8.6: Classifying Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions are classified according to similar patterns of behavior. A large number of important reactions are included in three categories: precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction (redox). Precipitation reactions involve the formation of one or more insoluble products. Acid-base reactions involve the transfer of hydrogen ions between reactants. Redox reactions involve a change in oxidation number for one or more reactant elements.

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