2: Tools of Organic Chemistry
- Page ID
- 401046
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 2.1: Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) - Review
- Intermolecular forces (IMFs) have many useful applications in organic chemistry. For students interested in biochemistry, the concepts of IMFs are called non-covalent interactions when they occur within a large biological molecule creating secondary and tertiary structure.
- 2.1.1: Intermolecular Forces and Relative Boiling Points (bp)
- 2.1.2: Intermolecular Forces and Solubilities
- 2.1.3: Chromatography
- 2.1.4: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
- 2.1.4A: Overview of TLC
- 2.1.4B: Uses of TLC
- 2.1.4C: The Retention Factor
- 2.1.4D: Separation Theory
- 2.1.4E: Step-by-Step Procedures for Thin Layer Chromatography
- 2.1.4F: Visualizing TLC Plates
- 2.1.5: Gas Chromatography (GC)
- 2.1.5A: Overview of GC
- 2.1.5B: Uses of Gas Chromatography
- 2.1.5C: Separation Theory
- 2.1.5D: Quantitating with GC
- 2.1.5E: GC Parameters
- 2.1.5F: Sample Preparation for Gas Chromatography
- 2.2: Column Chromatography
- Column chromatography is an extension of thin layer chromatography (TLC). Instead of applying a sample on a thin layer of silica or alumina, a sample is deposited on a cylinder of adsorbent and solvent is continually applied with pressure until the components completely drain from the cylinder. With this modification, components can be not only separated but collected into different containers, allowing for purification of mixtures.
- 2.2.1: Macroscale Columns
- 2.2.2: Microscale (Pipette) Columns
- 2.2.3: 5.5 Polarimetry
- 2.2.4: Crystallization
- 2.2.4.1: Overview of Crystallization
- 2.2.4.2: Uses of Crystallization
- 2.2.4.2A: Reagent Purification
- 2.2.4.2B: Purification of Product Mixtures
- 2.2.4.3: Choice of Solvent
- 2.2.4.3A: Ideal Temperature Profile
- 2.2.4.3B: General Procedures for Removing Impurities
- 2.2.4.3C: Determining Which Solvent to Use
- 2.2.4.3D: Using Solubility Data
- 2.2.4.3E: Experimentally Testing Solvents
- 2.2.4.3F: Mixed Solvents
- 2.2.4.4: Crystallization Theory
- 2.2.4.4A: Purification
- 2.2.4.4B: Cooling Slowly
- 2.2.4.4C: Using the Minimum Amount of Hot Solvent
- 2.2.4.4D: The Unavoidable Loss of Recovery
- 2.2.4.4E: Quantitating Crystallization
- 2.2.4.4F: Second Crop Crystallization
- 2.2.4.5: Procedural Generalities
- 2.2.4.5A: General Procedure
- 2.2.4.5B: Heat Source and Bump Prevention
- 2.2.4.5C: Charcoal
- 2.2.4.5D: Cooling Slowly
- 2.2.4.5E: Initiating Crystallization
- 2.2.4.6: Step-by-Step Procedures
- 2.2.4.6A: Single Solvent Crystallization
- 2.2.4.6B: Crystallization Summary
- 2.2.4.6C: Using Solvents Other Than Water
- 2.2.4.6D: Mixed Solvent Crystallization
- 2.2.4.6E: Mixed Solvent Summary
- 2.2.4.6F: Troubleshooting