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9.4: Alkynes

  • Page ID
    85176
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    Alkynes are organic molecules made of the functional group carbon-carbon triple bonds and are written in the empirical formula of \(C_nH_{2n-2}\). They are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Like alkenes have the suffix –ene, alkynes use the ending –yne; this suffix is used when there is only one alkyne in the molecule. If a molecule contains both a double and a triple bond, the carbon chain is numbered so that the first multiple bond gets a lower number. If both bonds can be assigned the same number, the double bond takes precedence. The molecule is then named "n-ene-n-yne", with the double bond root name preceding the triple bond root name (e.g. 2-hepten-4-yne).

    Introduction

    dicarbon_new_62.png

    Here are the molecular formulas and names of the first ten carbon straight chain alkynes.

    Name

    Molecular Formula

    Ethyne

    C2H2

    Propyne

    C3H4

    1-Butyne

    C4H6

    1-Pentyne

    C5H8

    1-Hexyne

    C6H10

    1-Heptyne

    C7H12

    1-Octyne

    C8H14

    1-Nonyne

    C9H16

    1-Decyne

    C10H18

    The more commonly used name for ethyne is acetylene, which used industrially.

    Naming Alkynes

    Like previously mentioned, the IUPAC rules are used for the naming of alkynes.

    Rule 1

    Find the longest carbon chain that includes both carbons of the triple bond.

    Rule 2

    Number the longest chain starting at the end closest to the triple bond. A 1-alkyne is referred to as a terminal alkyne and alkynes at any other position are called internal alkynes. For example:

    alt

    4-chloro-6-diiodo-7-methyl-2-nonyne

    Rule 3

    After numbering the longest chain with the lowest number assigned to the alkyne, label each of the substituents at its corresponding carbon. While writing out the name of the molecule, arrange the substituents in alphabetical order. If there are more than one of the same substituent use the prefixes di, tri, and tetra for two, three, and four substituents respectively. These prefixes are not taken into account in the alphabetical order. For example:

    2,2,10-triiodo-5-methyldec-3-yne_new_301.png

    2,2,10-triiodo-5-methyl-3-decyne

    If there is an alcohol present in the molecule, number the longest chain starting at the end closest to it, and follow the same rules. However, the suffix would be –ynol, because the alcohol group takes priority over the triple bond.

    alt

    5- methyl-7-octyn-3-ol

    When there are two triple bonds in the molecule, find the longest carbon chain including both the triple bonds. Number the longest chain starting at the end closest to the triple bond that appears first. The suffix that would be used to name this molecule would be –diyne. For example:

    4-methylocta-1,5-diyne_new_228.png

    4-methyl-1,5-octadiyne

    Rule 4

    Substituents containing a triple bond are called alkynyl. For example:

    alt

    1-chloro-1-ethynyl-4-bromocyclohexane

    Here is a table with a few of the alkynyl substituents:

    Name

    Molecule

    Ethynyl

    -C?CH

    2- Propynyl

    -CH2C?CH

    2-Butynyl

    -CH3C?CH2CH3

    Rule 5

    A molecule that contains both double and triple bonds is called an alkenyne. The chain can be numbered starting with the end closest to the functional group that appears first. For example:

    alt

    6-ethyl-3-methyl-1,4-nonenyne

    Reference

    1. Vollhardt, Peter, and Neil E. Schore. Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function. 5th Edition. New York: W. H. Freeman & Company, 2007.

    Problems

    Name or draw out the following molecules:

    1. 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne

    2. 4-Penten-1-yne

    3. 1-ethyl-3-dimethylnonyne

    4.

    8.bmp

    Contributors and Attributions


    This page titled 9.4: Alkynes is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Elizabeth Gordon.

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