Skip to main content
Library homepage
 

Text Color

Text Size

 

Margin Size

 

Font Type

Enable Dyslexic Font
Chemistry LibreTexts

5: Alkanes and Conformations

( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)

  • 5.1: Hydrocarbons and the Homologous Series
    Since we will be spending the rest of the course working with compounds with a carbon backbone, there is no time like the present to learn the homologous series, the names for simple, straight hydrocarbon chains and branches.
  • 5.2: Generic (Abbreviated) Structures (aka R Groups)
    It is not always necessary to draw the entire structure of a compound.  The correct use of the "R group" is explained.
  • 5.3: Overview of the IUPAC Naming Strategy
    The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) names for organic compounds all follow the same set of rules and can have up to four parts.  Recognizing the overall pattern can simplify the learning process.
  • 5.4: Alkanes
    Alkanes form the carbon backbone of all organic compounds.
  • 5.5: Uses and Sources of Alkanes
    The primary sources for alkanes are oil and natural gas.  Alkanes are important raw materials for the chemical industry and are used as fuels for motors.
  • 5.6: Cycloalkanes
    The rotational limits of cycloalkanes introduce stereochemistry to some compounds.  Some disubstituted cycloalkanes can exist as geometric isomers (cis/trans).
  • 5.7: Haloalkane - Classification and Nomenclature
    The reactivity of the alkyl halides (haloalkanes) can be predicted using their structural classifications of primary, secondary, or tertiary.
  • 5.8: Hydrocarbon Functional Groups
    Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms.  Hydrocarbons can form different functional groups based upon their carbon bonding patterns as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, or arenes.
  • 5.9: Physical Properties of Alkanes
    Alkanes are not very reactive and have little biological activity; alkanes are colorless, odorless non-polar compounds.
  • 5.10: Structure and Conformations of Alkanes
    The carbon-carbon single bonds of alkanes rotate freely.  Conformers are the same molecule shown with different sigma bond rotations.  Newman projections are one way to communicate bond rotation.
  • 5.11: Conformations of Butane
    The conformations of butane are studied to introduce the language and energetic considerations of single bond rotation when alkyl group interactions can occur.
  • 5.12: Conformations of Higher Alkanes
    Pentane and higher alkanes have conformational preferences similar to ethane and butane. Each dihedral angle tries to adopt a staggered conformation and each internal C-C bond attempts to take on an anti conformation to minimize the potential energy of the molecule.
  • 5.13: Cycloalkanes and Ring Strain
    For cyclic alkanes, only partial rotation of carbon-carbon single bonds can occur.  The actual shape of the carbon ring distorts from the traditional geometric shapes to reduce steric hindrance and ring strain to lower the overall  potential energy of the molecule.
  • 5.14: Cyclohexane Conformations
    Cyclohexane rings are notably stable.  Understanding the conformations of cyclohexane and their relative energies is helpful when studying the chemistry of simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides).
  • 5.15: Conformations of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
    For monosubstituted cyclohexanes, the axial or equatorial orientation of the substituent influences the overall potential energy of the conformation.
  • 5.16: Cis-trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
    Stereoisomerism is possible for cycloalkanes with two different substituent groups (not counting other ring atoms).  Cis and trans isomers are unique compounds.
  • 5.17: Conformations of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
    Because six-membered rings are so common among natural and synthetic compounds and  its conformational features are rather well understood, we shall focus on the six-membered cyclohexane ring to study the energetic relationship of conformation and overall potential energy.
  • 5.18: Additional Exercises
    This section has additional exercises for the key learning objectives of this chapter.
  • 5.19: Solutions to Additional Exercises
    This section has the solutions to the additional exercises from the previous section.


5: Alkanes and Conformations is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

  • Was this article helpful?

Support Center

How can we help?