9.3: Amino Acids
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Athletics are very competitive these days at all levels, from school sports to the pros. Everybody is looking for that edge that will make them faster, stronger, more physically fit. One approach taken by many athletes is the use of amino acid supplements. The theory is that the increase in amino acids in the diet will lead to increased protein for muscles. However, the only real benefit comes to the people who make and sell the pills. Studies have not showed any advantage obtained by the athletes themselves. You're much better off just maintaining a healthy diet.
Amino Acids
An amino acid is a compound that contains both an amine group \(\left( \ce{-NH_2} \right)\) and a carboxyl group \(\left( \ce{-COOH} \right)\) in the same molecule. While any number of amino acids can possibly be imagined, biochemists generally reserve the term for a group of 20 amino acids which are formed and used by living organisms. The figure below shows the general structure of an amino acid.
The amino acid and carboxyl group of an amino acid are both covalently bonded to a central carbon atom. That carbon atom is also bonded to a hydrogen atom and an \(\ce{R}\) group. It is this \(\ce{R}\) group which varies from one amino acid to another and is called the amino acid side chain.
The nature of the side chains accounts for the variability in physical and chemical properties of the different amino acids. Some side chains consists of nonpolar aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons. Other side chains are polar, while some are acidic or basic.
The table below lists the names of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids along with a three-letter abbreviation which is used to describe sequences of linked amino acids.
Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Amino acids and Abbreviations
Amino Acid | Abbreviation | Amino Acid | Abbreviation |
Alanine | Ala | Leucine | Leu |
Arginine | Arg | Lysine | Lys |
Asparagine | Asp | Methionine | Met |
Aspartic acid | Asp | Phenylalanine | Phe |
Cysteine | Cys | Proline | Pro |
Glutamine | Gln | Serine | Ser |
Glutamic acid | Glu | Threonine | Thr |
Glycine | Gly | Tryptophan | Trp |
Histidine | His | Tyrosine | Tyr |
Isoleucine | Ile | Valine | Val |
Another more recent set of abbreviations employs one one letter. Leucine would be designated by L, serine by S, tyrosine by Y. The advantage of this system comes when listing the amino acid sequence of a protein that may contain over 100 amino acids in its chain.
Contributors and Attributions
CK-12 Foundation by Sharon Bewick, Richard Parsons, Therese Forsythe, Shonna Robinson, and Jean Dupon.