2: Carbohydrates
- Page ID
- 233975
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- 2.1: Introduction
- Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.
- 2.2: Classification of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are classified based up on their size, complexity, type of carbonyl group, and reactivity.
- 2.3: Fischer Projections
- The stereochemistry of carbohydrates can be communicated with Fischer projections.
- 2.4: D and L Monosaccharides
- The enantiomeric pairs of sugars can be distinguished by the prefix D or L. Naturally occurring sugars all exist in the D-form.
- 2.6: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
- The preferred structural form for many monosaccharides is the cyclic hemiacetal.
- 2.7: Reactions of Monosaccharides
- Carbohydrates can undergo esterification, acetal formation, glycoside formation, phosphorylation, oxidation, reduction, carbon chain shortening, and carbon chain lengthening reactions.
- 2.8: Important Hexoses
- Three abundant hexoses in living organisms are the aldohexoses D-glucose and D-galactose and the ketohexose D-fructose.
- 2.9: Disaccharides and Glycosidic Bonds
- Glycosidic bonds form between the anomeric carbon of a carbohydrate and the hydroxyl group of another molecule. Glycosidic bonds can form larger carbohydrates as well as bond sugars to other biological molecules.
- 2.10: Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides are distinguished by their glycosidic linkages.
- 2.11: Other Important Carbohydrates
- Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, and amino sugars are other biologically important carbohydrates.
- 2.12: Cell Surface Carbohydrates and Influenza Viruses
- The prefix "glyco" indicates the presence of carbohydrates in glycoplipids and glycoproteins.