16.10: Solubility Products
- Page ID
- 220807
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)The following table provides pKsp and Ksp values for selected compounds, organized by the anion. All values are from Martell, A. E.; Smith, R. M. Critical Stability Constants, Vol. 4. Plenum Press: New York, 1976. Unless otherwise stated, values are for 25 oC and zero ionic strength.
| Bromide (\(\ce{Br-}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{CuBr}\) | 8.3 | \(5. \times10^{-9}\) |
| \(\ce{AgBr}\) | 12.3 | \(5.0 \times 10^{-13}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2Br2}\) | 22.25 | \(5.6 \times 10^{-23}\) |
| \(\ce{HgBr2} \: (\mu = 0.5 \text{ M})\) | 18.9 | \(1.3 \times 10^{-19}\) |
| \(\ce{PbBr2} \: (\mu = 0.5 \text{ M})\) | 5.68 | \(2.1 \times 10^{-6}\) |
| Carbonate (\(\ce{CO3^{2-}}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{MgCO3}\) | 7.46 | \(3.5 \times 10^{-8}\) |
| \(\ce{CaCO3}\) (calcite) | 8.35 | \(4.5 \times 10^{-9}\) |
| \(\ce{CaCO3}\) (aragonite) | 8.22 | \(6.0 \times 10^{-9}\) |
| \(\ce{SrCO3}\) | 9.03 | \(9.3 \times 10^{-10}\) |
| \(\ce{BaCO3}\) | 8.3 | \(5.0 \times 10^{-9}\) |
| \(\ce{MnCO3}\) | 9.3 | \(5.0 \times 10^{-10}\) |
| \(\ce{FeCO3}\) | 10.68 | \(2.1 \times 10^{-11}\) |
| \(\ce{CoCO3}\) | 9.98 | \(1.0 \times 10^{-10}\) |
| \(\ce{NiCO3}\) | 6.87 | \(1.3 \times 10^{-7}\) |
| \(\ce{Ag2CO3}\) | 11.09 | \(8.1 \times 10^{-12}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2CO3}\) | 16.05 | \(8.9 \times 10^{-17}\) |
| \(\ce{ZnCO3}\) | 10 | \(1.0 \times 10^{-10}\) |
| \(\ce{CdCO3}\) | 13.74 | \(1.8 \times 10^{-14}\) |
| \(\ce{PbCO3}\) | 13.13 | \(7.4 \times 10^{-14}\) |
| Chloride (\(\ce{Cl-}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{CuCl}\) | 6.73 | \(1.9 \times 10^{-7}\) |
| \(\ce{AgCl}\) | 9.74 | \(1.8\times 10^{-10}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2Cl2}\) | 17.91 | \(1.2 \times 10^{-18}\) |
| \(\ce{PbCl2}\) | 4.78 | \(2.0 \times 10^{-19}\) |
| Chromate (\(\ce{CrO4^{2-}}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{BaCrO4}\) | 9.67 | \(2.1 \times 10^{-10}\) |
| \(\ce{CuCrO4}\) | 5.44 | \(3.6 \times 10^{-6}\) |
| \(\ce{Ag2CrO4}\) | 11.92 | \(1.2 \times 10^{-12}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2CrO4}\) | 8.7 | \(2.0 \times 10^{-9}\) |
| Cyanide (\(\ce{CN-}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{AgCN}\) | 15.66 | \(2.2 \times 10^{-16}\) |
| \(\ce{Zn(CN)2} \: (\mu = 3.0 \text{ M})\) | 15.5 | \(3. \times 10^{-16}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2(CN)2}\) | 39.3 | \(5. \times 10^{-40}\) |
| Ferrocyanide (\(\ce{Fe(CN)6^{4-}}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{Zn2[Fe(CN)6]}\) | 15.68 | \(2.1 \times 10^{-16}\) |
| \(\ce{Cd2[Fe(CN)6]}\) | 17.38 | \(4.2 \times 10^{-18}\) |
| \(\ce{Pb2[Fe(CN)6]}\) | 18.02 | \(9.5 \times 10^{-19}\) |
| Fluoride (\(\ce{F-}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{MgF2}\) | 8.18 | \(6.6 \times 10^{-9}\) |
| \(\ce{CaF2}\) | 10.41 | \(3.9 \times 10^{-11}\) |
| \(\ce{SrF2}\) | 8.54 | \(2.9 \times 10^{-9}\) |
| \(\ce{BaF2}\) | 5.76 | \(1.7 \times 10^{-6}\) |
| \(\ce{PbF2}\) | 7.44 | \(3.6 \times 10^{-8}\) |
| Hydroxide (\(\ce{OH-}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{Mg(OH)2}\) | 11.15 | \(7.1 \times 10^{-12}\) |
| \(\ce{Ca(OH)2}\) | 5.19 | \(6.5 \times 10^{-6}\) |
| \(\ce{Ba(OH)2 * 8 H2O}\) | 3.6 | \(3. \times 10^{-4}\) |
| \(\ce{La(OH)3}\) | 20.7 | \(2. \times 10^{-21}\) |
| \(\ce{Mn(OH)2}\) | 12.8 | \(1.6 \times 10^{-13}\) |
| \(\ce{Fe(OH)2}\) | 15.1 | \(8. \times 10^{-16}\) |
| \(\ce{Co(OH)2}\) | 14.9 | \(1.3 \times 10^{-15}\) |
| \(\ce{Ni(OH)2}\) | 15.2 | \(6. \times 10^{-16}\) |
| \(\ce{Cu(OH)2}\) | 19.32 | \(4.8 \times 10^{-20}\) |
| \(\ce{Fe(OH)3}\) | 38.8 | \(1.6 \times 10^{-39}\) |
| \(\ce{Co(OH)3} \: (T = 19 \text{°C})\) | 44.5 | \(3. \times 10^{-45}\) |
| \(\ce{Ag2O} \: ( + \: \ce{H2O} \ce{<=>} \ce{2 Ag+} + \ce{2 OH-})\) | 15.42 | \(3.8 \times 10^{-16}\) |
| \(\ce{Cu2O} \: ( + \: \ce{H2O} \ce{<=>} \ce{2 Cu+} + \ce{2 OH-})\) | 29.4 | \(4.u \times 10^{-30}\) |
| \(\ce{Zn(OH)2}\) (amorphous) | 15.52 | \(3.0 \times 10^{-16}\) |
| \(\ce{Cd(OH)2 (\beta)}\) | 14.35 | \(4.5 \times 10^{-15}\) |
| \(\ce{HgO} \text{ (red)} \: ( + \: \ce{H2O} \ce{<=>} \ce{Hg^{2+}} + \ce{2 OH-})\) | 25.44 | \(3.6 \times 10^{-26}\) |
| \(\ce{SnO} \: ( + \: \ce{H2O} \ce{<=>} \ce{Hg^{2+}} + \ce{2 OH-})\) | 26.2 | \(6. \times 10^{-27}\) |
| \(\ce{PbO} \text{ (yellow)} \: ( + \: \ce{H2O} \ce{<=>} + \ce{Pb^{2+}} + \ce{2 OH-}\) | 15.1 | \(8. \times 10^{-16}\) |
| \(\ce{Al(OH)3 \: (\alpha)}\) | 33.5 | \(3. \times 10^{-34}\) |
| Iodate (\(\ce{IO3-}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{Ca(IO3)2}\) | 6.15 | \(7.1 \times 10^{-7}\) |
| \(\ce{Ba(IO3)2}\) | 8.81 | \(1.5 \times 10^{-9}\) |
| \(\ce{AgIO3}\) | 7.51 | \(3.1 \times 10^{-8}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2(IO3)2}\) | 17.89 | \(1.3 \times 10^{-18}\) |
| \(\ce{Zn(IO3)2}\) | 5.41 | \(3.9 \times 10^{-6}\) |
| \(\ce{Cd(IO3)2}\) | 7.64 | \(2.3 \times 10^{-8}\) |
| \(\ce{Pb(IO3)2}\) | 12.61 | \(2.5 \times 10^{-13}\) |
| Iodide (\(\ce{I-}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{AgI}\) | 16.08 | \(8.3 \times 10^{-17}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2I2}\) | 28.33 | \(4.7 \times 10^{-29}\) |
| \(\ce{HgI2} \: (\mu = 0.5 \text{ M})\) | 27.95 | \(1.1 \times 10^{-28}\) |
| \(\ce{PbI2}\) | 8.1 | \(7.9 \times 10^{-9}\) |
| Oxalate (\(\ce{C2O4^{2-}}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{CaC2O4} \: (\mu = 0.1 \text{ M, } T = 20 \text{°C})\) | 7.9 | \(1.3 \times 10^{-8}\) |
| \(\ce{BaC2O4} \: (\mu = 0.1 \text{ M, } T = 20 \text{°C})\) | 6 | \(1. \times 10^{-6}\) |
| \(\ce{SrC2O4} \: (\mu = 0.1 \text{ M, } T = 20 \text{°C})\) | 6.4 | \(4. \times 10^{-7}\) |
| Phosphate (\(\ce{PO4^{3-}}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{Fe3(PO4)2 * 8 H2O}\) | 36 | \(1. \times 10^{-36}\) |
| \(\ce{Zn3(PO4)2 * 4 H2O}\) | 35.3 | \(5. \times 10^{-36}\) |
| \(\ce{Ag3PO4}\) | 17.55 | \(2.8 \times 10^{-18}\) |
| \(\ce{Pb3(PO4)2} \: (T = 38 \text{ °C})\) | 43.55 | \(3.0 \times 10^{-44}\) |
| Sulfate (\(\ce{SO4^{2-}}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{CaSO4}\) | 4.62 | \(2.4 \times 10^{-5}\) |
| \(\ce{SrSO4}\) | 6.5 | \(3.2 \times 10^{-7}\) |
| \(\ce{BaSO4}\) | 9.96 | \(1.1 \times 10^{-10}\) |
| \(\ce{Ag2SO4}\) | 4.83 | \(1.5 \times 10^{-5}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2SO4}\) | 6.13 | \(7.4 \times 10^{-7}\) |
| \(\ce{PbSO4}\) | 7.79 | \(1.6 \times 10^{-8}\) |
| Sulfide (\(\ce{S^{2-}}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{MnS} \: (\text{green})\) | 13.5 | \(3. \times 10^{-14}\) |
| \(\ce{FeS}\) | 18.1 | \(8. \times 10^{-19}\) |
| \(\ce{CoS} \: (\beta)\) | 25.6 | \(3. \times 10^{-26}\) |
| \(\ce{NiS} \: (\gamma)\) | 26.6 | \(3. \times 10^{-27}\) |
| \(\ce{CuS}\) | 36.1 | \(8. \times 10^{-37}\) |
| \(\ce{Cu2S}\) | 48.5 | \(3. \times 10^{-49}\) |
| \(\ce{Ag2S}\) | 50.1 | \(8. \times 10^{-51}\) |
| \(\ce{ZnS} \: (\alpha)\) | 24.7 | \(2. \times 10^{-25}\) |
| \(\ce{CdS}\) | 27 | \(1. \times 10^{-27}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2S} \: (\text{red})\) | 53.3 | \(5. \times 10^{-54}\) |
| \(\ce{PbS}\) | 27.5 | \(3. \times 10^{-28}\) |
| Thiocyanate (\(\ce{SCN-}\)) | pKsp | Ksp |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{CuSCN} \: (\mu = 5.0 \text{ M})\) | 13.4 | \(4.0\times 10^{-14}\) |
| \(\ce{AgSCN}\) | 11.97 | \(1.1\times 10^{-12}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2(SCN)2}\) | 19.52 | \(3.0\times 10^{-20}\) |
| \(\ce{Hg2(SCN)2} \: (\mu = 1.0 \text{ M})\) | 19.56 | \(2.8\times 10^{-20}\) |