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7.11: Exercises

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    7.3:  Chemical Equations

    1. From the statement “nitrogen and hydrogen react to produce ammonia,” identify the reactants and the products.  
    Answer

    reactants = nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2); products = ammonia (NH3)

     

    1. From the statement “sodium metal reacts with water to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen,” identify the reactants and the products.

    Answer

    reactants = sodium (Na) and water (H2O); products = sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen (H2)

     

    1. From the statement “magnesium hydroxide reacts with nitric acid to produce magnesium nitrate and water,” identify the reactants and the products.

    Answer

    reactants = magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) and nitric acid (HNO3); products = magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2) and water (H2O)

     

    1. From the statement “propane reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water,” identify the reactants and the products.

    Answer

    reactants = propane (C3H8) and oxygen (O2); products = carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

     

    1. Chemical equations can also be used to represent physical processes. Write a chemical equation for the boiling of water, including the proper phase labels.
    Answer

    H2O(l) → H2O(g)

     

    1. Chemical equations can also be used to represent physical processes. Write a chemical equation for the freezing of water, including the proper phase labels.

    Answer

    H2O(l) → H2O(s)

     

    7.4:  Balancing Chemical Equations

    1. What does it mean to say an equation is balanced? Why is it important for an equation to be balanced?
    Answer

    An equation is balanced when the same number of each element is represented on the reactant and product sides. Equations must be balanced to accurately reflect the law of conservation of matter.

     

    1. Explain why  4 Na(s) + 2 Cl2(g) → 4 NaCl(s)  should not be considered a proper chemical equation.

    Answer

    It does not have the lowest possible whole number coefficients.

     

    1. Explain why  H2(g) + \(\frac12\) O2(g) → H2O(l)  should not be considered a proper chemical equation.

    Answer

    It has a fractional coefficient.

     

    1. Write and balance the chemical equation described by Exercise 1.

    Answer

    N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3

     

    1. Write and balance the chemical equation described by Exercise 2.

    Answer

    2 Na + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2

     

    1. Write and balance the chemical equation described by Exercise 3.

    Answer

    Mg(OH)2 + 2 HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + 2 H2O

     

    1. Write and balance the chemical equation described by Exercise 4. The formula for propane is C3H8.

    Answer

    C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O

     

    1. Balance the following equations:

      1. NaClO3 → NaCl + O2
      2. N2 + H2 → N2H4
      3. Al + O2 → Al2O3
      4. C2H4 + O2 → CO2 + H2
    Answer
    1. 2 NaClO3 → 2 NaCl + 3 O2
    2. N2 + 2 H2 → N2H4
    3. 4 Al + 3 O2 → 2 Al2O3
    4. C2H4 + 2 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2

     

    1. Balance the following equations:

      1. PCl5(s) + H2O(l) → POCl3(l) + HCl(aq)
      2. Cu(s) + HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + NO(g)
      3. H2(g) + I2(s) → HI(s)
      4. Fe(s) + O2(g) → Fe2O3(s)
      5. Na(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
      6. (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → Cr2O3(s) + N2(g) + H2O(g)
      7. P4(s) + Cl2(g) → PCl3(l)
      8. PtCl4(s) → Pt(s) + Cl2(g)
    Answer
    1. PCl5(s) + H2O(l) → POCl3(l) + 2 HCl(aq)
    2. 3 Cu(s) + 8 HNO3(aq) → 3 Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 4 H2O(l) + 2 NO(g)
    3. H2(g) + I2(s) → 2HI(s)
    4. 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s)
    5. 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
    6. (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → Cr2O3(s) + N2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
    7. P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g) → 4 PCl3(l)
    8. PtCl4(s) → Pt(s) + 2 Cl2(g)

     

    1. Balance the following equations:
      1. Ag(s) + O2(g) + H2S(g) → Ag2S(s) + H2O(l)
      2. P4(s) + O2(g) → P4O10(s)
      3. Pb(s) + H2O(l) + O2(g) → Pb(OH)2(s)
      4. Fe(s) + H2O(l) → Fe3O4(s) + H2(g)
      5. Sc2O3(s) + SO3(l) → Sc2(SO4)3(s)
      6. Ca3(PO4)2(s) + H3PO4(aq) → Ca(H2PO4)2(aq)
      7. Al(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(s) + H2(g)
      8. TiCl4(s) + H2O(g) → TiO2(s) + HCl(g)
    Answer
    1. 4 Ag(s) + O2(g) + 2 H2S(g) → 2 Ag2S(s) + 2 H2O(l)
    2. P4(s) + 5 O2(g) → P4O10(s)
    3. 2 Pb(s) + 2 H2O(l) + O2(g) → 2 Pb(OH)2(s)
    4. 3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O(l) → Fe3O4(s) + 4 H2(g)
    5. Sc2O3(s) + 3 SO3(l) → Sc2(SO4)3(s)
    6. Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 4 H3PO4(aq) → 3 Ca(H2PO4)2(aq)
    7. 2 Al(s) + 3 H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(s) + 3 H2(g)
    8. TiCl4(s) + 2 H2O(g) → TiO2(s) + 4 HCl(g)

     

    1. Write a balanced molecular equation describing each of the following chemical reactions.
      1. Solid calcium carbonate is heated and decomposes to solid calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas.
      2. Gaseous butane, C4H10, reacts with diatomic oxygen gas to yield gaseous carbon dioxide and water vapor.
      3. Aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride and sodium hydroxide react to produce solid magnesium hydroxide and aqueous sodium chloride.
      4. Water vapor reacts with sodium metal to produce solid sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
    Answer
    1. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
    2. 2 C4H10(g) + 13 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)
    3. MgCl2(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)
    4. 2 H2O(g) + 2 Na(s) → 2 NaOH(s) + H2(g)

     

    1. Write a balanced equation describing each of the following chemical reactions.
      1. Solid potassium chlorate, KClO3, decomposes to form solid potassium chloride and diatomic oxygen gas.
      2. Solid aluminum metal reacts with solid diatomic iodine to form solid Al2I6.
      3. When solid sodium chloride is added to aqueous sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride gas and aqueous sodium sulfate are produced.
      4. Aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide react to produce aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-)and liquid water.
    Answer
    1. 2 KClO3(s) → 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
    2. 2 Al(s) + 3 I2(s) → Al2I6(s)
    3. 2 NaCl(s) + H2SO4(aq) → 2 HCl(g) + Na2SO4(aq)
    4. H3PO4(aq) + KOH(aq) → KH2PO4(aq) + H2O(l)

     

    1. Colorful fireworks often involve the decomposition of barium nitrate and potassium chlorate and the reaction of the metals magnesium, aluminum, and iron with oxygen.
      1. Write the formulas of barium nitrate and potassium chlorate.
      2. The decomposition of solid potassium chlorate leads to the formation of solid potassium chloride and diatomic oxygen gas. Write an equation for the reaction.
      3. The decomposition of solid barium nitrate leads to the formation of solid barium oxide, diatomic nitrogen gas, and diatomic oxygen gas. Write an equation for the reaction.
      4. Write separate equations for the reactions of the solid metals magnesium, aluminum, and iron with diatomic oxygen gas to yield the corresponding metal oxides. (Assume the iron oxide contains Fe3+ ions.)
    Answer
    1. Ba(NO3)2; KClO3
    2. 2 KClO3(s) → 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
    3. 2 Ba(NO3)2(s) → 2 BaO(s) + 2 N2(g) + 5 O2(g)
    4. 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2 MgO(s); 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Al2O3(s); 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s)

     

    1. Aqueous hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) is used to etch glass and to analyze minerals for their silicon content. Hydrogen fluoride will also react with sand (silicon dioxide). Write a balanced equation for the reaction of solid silicon dioxide with hydrofluoric acid to yield gaseous silicon tetrafluoride and liquid water.
    Answer

    SiO2(s) + 4 HF(aq) → SiF4(g) + 2 H2O(l)

     

    1. The mineral fluorite (calcium fluoride) occurs extensively in Illinois. Solid calcium fluoride can also be prepared by the reaction of aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and sodium fluoride, yielding aqueous sodium chloride as the other product. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
    Answer

    CaCl2(aq) + 2 NaF(aq) → CaF2(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)

     

    1. A novel process for obtaining magnesium from sea water involves several reactions. Write a balanced chemical equation for each step of the process.
      1. The first step is the decomposition of solid calcium carbonate from seashells to form solid calcium oxide and gaseous carbon dioxide.
      2. The second step is the formation of solid calcium hydroxide as the only product from the reaction of the solid calcium oxide with liquid water.
      3. Solid calcium hydroxide is then added to the seawater, reacting with dissolved magnesium chloride to yield solid magnesium hydroxide and aqueous calcium chloride.
      4. The solid magnesium hydroxide is added to a hydrochloric acid solution, producing dissolved magnesium chloride and liquid water.
      5. Finally, the magnesium chloride is melted and electrolyzed to yield liquid magnesium metal and diatomic chlorine gas.
    Answer
    1. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
    2. CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
    3. Ca(OH)2(s) + MgCl2(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s) + CaCl2(aq)
    4. Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
    5. MgCl2(l) → Mg(l) + Cl2(g)

     

    7.5:  Classifying Chemical Reactions

    1. What are the general characteristics that help you recognize single-replacement reactions?
    Answer

    The reactants have an element and a compound which combine to form a new element and a new compound.

     

    1. What are the general characteristics that help you recognize double-replacement reactions?
    Answer

    Two compounds (typically ionic) switch partners to form two new compounds.

     

    1. Classify each of the following reactions as synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single-replacement, or double-replacement.
      1. NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
      2. CaO + CO2 → CaCO3
      3. 2 HBr + Cl2 → 2 HCl + Br2
      4. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
      5. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
    Answer
    1. double-replacement
    2. synthesis
    3. single-replacement
    4. combustion
    5. decomposition

     

    1. Classify each of the following reactions as synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single-replacement, or double-replacement.
      1. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
      2. C5H12 + 8 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O
      3. CH4 + 2 F2 → CF4 + 2 H2
      4. Na2O + CO2 → Na2CO3
      5. H2SO3 → H2O + SO2
    Answer
    1. double-replacement
    2. combustion
    3. single-replacement
    4. synthesis
    5. decomposition

     

    1. Classify each of the following reactions as synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single-replacement, or double-replacement.
      1. H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl
      2. Na2CO3 → Na2O + CO2
      3. Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2 HNO3
      4. 2 HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
      5. C2H4 + O2 → C2H4O2
    Answer
    1. synthesis
    2. decomposition
    3. double-replacement
    4. single-replacement
    5. synthesis

     

    1. Classify each of the following reactions as synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single-replacement, or double-replacement.
      1. Ca + Br2 → CaBr2
      2. C6H12 + 9 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
      3. H2O + C → CO + H2
      4. 2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2
      5. Al(OH)3 + 3 HBr → AlBr3 + 3 H2O
    Answer
    1. synthesis
    2. combustion
    3. single-replacement
    4. decomposition
    5. double-replacement

     

    1. Use the following equations to answer the next three questions:
      1. H2O(s) → H2O(l)
      2. 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
      3. CH3OH(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
    1. Which equation describes a physical change?
    2. Which equation identifies the reactants and products of a combustion reaction?
    3. Which equation is not balanced?
    Answer
    1. equation i
    2. equation iii
    3. equation iii

     

    7.6:  Combustion Reactions

    1. Complete and balance each combustion equation.
      1. C4H9OH + O2 → ?
      2. CH3SH + O2 → ?  
    Answer
    1. C4H9OH + 6 O2 → 4 CO2 + 5 H2O
    2. CH3SH + 3 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O + SO2

     

    7.7:  Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds

    1. Classify each of the following compounds as soluble or insoluble in water.
      1. AgBr
      2. Na3PO4
      3. CaC2O4
      4. K2SO4
    Answer
    1. insoluble
    2. soluble
    3. insoluble
    4. soluble

     

    1. Classify each of the following compounds as soluble or insoluble in water.
      1. Pb(OH)2
      2. SrS
      3. AgC2H3O2
      4. Fe(NO3)2
    Answer
    1. insoluble
    2. soluble
    3. soluble
    4. soluble

     

    1. Classify each of the following compounds as soluble or insoluble in water.
      1. BaSO4
      2. Li2CO3
      3. NaOH
      4. Hg2I2
    Answer
    1. insoluble
    2. soluble
    3. soluble
    4. insoluble

     

    7.8:  Precipitation Reactions

    1. Explain what is wrong with this double-replacement reaction:  NaCl(aq) + KBr(aq) → NaK(aq) + ClBr(aq)
    Answer

    The cations are combined in one product and the anions are combined in the other. The products each need to have one cation and one anion.

     

    1. Predict the products of and balance this double-replacement reaction:  Na2SO4(aq) + SrCl2(aq) → ?
    Answer

    Na2SO4(aq) + SrCl2(aq) → SrSO4(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)

     

    1. Predict the products of and balance this double-replacement reaction:  BaCl2(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → ?
    Answer

    BaCl2(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2 AgCl(s)

     

    1. For each of the following reactions, predict the products and write the balanced chemical equation. If no reaction occurs, write "no reaction."
      1. Zn(NO3)2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → ?
      2. Ca(C2H3O2)2(aq) + HNO3(aq) → ?
      3. Na2CO3(aq) + Sr(NO3)2(aq) → ?
      4. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + KBr(aq) → ?
    Answer
    1. Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Zn(OH)2(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)
    2. no reaction
    3. Na2CO3(aq) + Sr(NO3)2(aq) → 2 NaNO3(aq) + SrCO3(s)
    4. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KBr(aq) → PbBr2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

     

    1. For each of the following reactions, predict the products and write the balanced chemical equation. If no reaction occurs, write "no reaction."
      1. AgClO3(aq) + KI(aq) → ?
      2. K2O(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → ?
      3. Na2CO3(aq)+ Sr(NO3)2(aq) → ?
      4. (NH4)2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) → ?
    Answer
    1. AgClO3(aq) + KI(aq) → AgI(s) + KClO3(aq)
    2. no reaction
    3. Na2CO3(aq)+ Sr(NO3)2(aq) → 2 NaNO3(aq) + SrCO3(s)
    4. (NH4)2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) → 2 NH4NO3(aq) + BaSO4(s)

     

    1. For each of the following reactions, predict the products and write the balanced chemical equation. If no reaction occurs, write "no reaction."
      1. K3PO4(aq) + SrCl2(aq) → ?
      2. NaOH(aq) + MgCl2(aq) → ?
      3. KC2H3O2(aq) + Li2CO3(aq) → ?
      4. KOH(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → ?
    Answer
    1. 2 K3PO4(aq) + 3 SrCl2(aq) → 6 KCl(aq) + Sr3(PO4)2(s)
    2. 2 NaOH(aq) + MgCl2(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
    3. no reaction
    4. KOH(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → KNO3(aq) + AgOH(s)

     

    1. For each of the following reactions, predict the products and write the balanced chemical equation. If no reaction occurs, write "no reaction."
      1. FeCl2(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → ?
      2. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → ?
      3. KCl(aq) + NaC2H3O2(aq) → ?
      4. Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + Sr(NO3)2(aq) → ?
    Answer
    1. FeCl2(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 2 AgCl(s)
    2. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)
    3. no reaction
    4. Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 3 Sr(NO3)2(aq) → 2 Fe(NO3)3(aq) + 3 SrSO4(s)

     

    7.9:  Acid-Base and Gas Evolution Reactions

    1. Write balanced chemical equations for the following neutralization reactions.
      1. HCl and KOH
      2. H2SO4 and KOH
      3. H3PO4 and Ni(OH)2
    Answer
    1. HCl + KOH → KCl + H2O
    2. H2SO4 + 2 KOH → K2SO4 + 2 H2O
    3. 2 H3PO4 + 3 Ni(OH)2 → Ni3(PO4)2 + 6 H2O

     

    1. Write balanced chemical equations for the following neutralization reactions.
      1. HBr and Fe(OH)3
      2. HNO2 and Al(OH)3
      3. HClO3 and Mg(OH)2
    Answer
    1. 3 HBr + Fe(OH)3 → FeBr3 + 3 H2O
    2. 3 HNO2 + Al(OH)3 → Al(NO2)3 + 3 H2O
    3. 2 HClO3 + Mg(OH)2 → Mg(ClO3)2 + 2 H2O

     

    1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between each given acid and base. Include the proper phase labels.
      1. HI(aq) + KOH(aq) → ?
      2. H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → ?
    Answer
    1. HI(aq) + KOH(aq) → KI(aq) + H2O(l)
    2. H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l)

     

    1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between each given acid and base. Include the proper phase labels.
      1. HNO3(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s) → ?
      2. H3PO4(aq) + LiOH(aq) → ?
    Answer
    1. 3 HNO3(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s) → Fe(NO3)3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
    2. H3PO4(aq) + 3 LiOH(aq) → Li3PO4(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

     

    1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between each given acid and base. Include the proper phase labels.
      1. HClO3(aq) + Zn(OH)2(s) → ? 
      2. H2C2O4(s) + Sr(OH)2(aq) → ? 
    Answer
    1. 2 HClO3(aq) + Zn(OH)2(s) → Zn(ClO3)2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
    2. H2C2O4(s) + Sr(OH)2(aq) → SrC2O4(s) + 2 H2O(l)

     

    1. Write a balanced chemical equation for the following acid-base equations:
      1. HCl gas reacts with solid Ca(OH)2(s).
      2. A solution of Sr(OH)2 is added to a solution of HNO3.
      3. A solution of HClO4 is added to a solution of LiOH.
      4. Aqueous H2SO4 reacts with NaOH.
      5. Ba(OH)2 reacts with HF gas.
    Answer
    1. 2 HCl(g) + Ca(OH)2(s) → CaCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
    2. Sr(OH)2(aq) + 2 HNO3(aq) → Sr(NO3)2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
    3. HClO4(aq) + LiOH(aq) → LiClO4(aq) + H2O(l)
    4. H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
    5. Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2 HF(g) → BaF2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

     

     

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