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The Reaction of Alkyl Halides with Hydroxide Ions

  • Page ID
    3892
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    This page looks at the reactions between halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes or alkyl halides) and hydroxide ions from sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. It covers both substitution and elimination reactions.

    Substitution vs. elimination Reactions

    There are two different sorts of reaction that you can get depending on the conditions used and the type of halogenoalkane. Primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes behave differently in this respect.

    Substitution reactions

    In a substitution reaction, the halogen atom is replaced by an -OH group to give an alcohol. For example:

    padding_69sk.gifsubstprop.gif

    Or, as an ionic equation:

    padding.gifsubstprop2.gif

    In the example, 2-bromopropane is converted into propan-2-ol.

    The halogenoalkane is heated under reflux with a solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide. Heating under reflux means heating with a condenser placed vertically in the flask to prevent loss of volatile substances from the mixture.

    The solvent is usually a 50/50 mixture of ethanol and water, because everything will dissolve in that. The halogenoalkane is insoluble in water. If you used water alone as the solvent, the halogenoalkane and the sodium hydroxide solution wouldn't mix and the reaction could only happen where the two layers met.

    Elimination reactions

    Halogenoalkanes also undergo elimination reactions in the presence of sodium or potassium hydroxide.

    padding_3ejz.gifelimprop.gif

    The 2-bromopropane has reacted to give an alkene - propene.

    Notice that a hydrogen atom has been removed from one of the end carbon atoms together with the bromine from the centre one. In all simple elimination reactions the things being removed are on adjacent carbon atoms, and a double bond is set up between those carbons.

    The halogenoalkane is heated under reflux with a concentrated solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide in ethanol. Propene is formed and, because this is a gas, it passes through the condenser and can be collected.

    What decides whether you get substitution or elimination?

    The reagents you are using are the same for both substitution or elimination - the halogenoalkane and either sodium or potassium hydroxide solution. In all cases, you will get a mixture of both reactions happening - some substitution and some elimination. What you get most of depends on a number of factors.

    The type of halogenoalkane

    This is the most important factor .

    type of halogenoalkane substitution or elimination?
    primary mainly substitution
    secondary both substitution and elimination
    tertiary mainly elimination

    For example, whatever you do with tertiary halogenoalkanes, you will tend to get mainly the elimination reaction, whereas with primary ones you will tend to get mainly substitution. However, you can influence things to some extent by changing the conditions.

    The solvent

    The proportion of water to ethanol in the solvent matters.

    • Water encourages substitution.
    • Ethanol encourages elimination.

    The temperature

    Higher temperatures encourage elimination.

    Concentration of the sodium or potassium hydroxide solution

    Higher concentrations favor elimination.

    In summary

    For a given halogenoalkane, to favor elimination rather than substitution, use:

    • higher temperatures
    • a concentrated solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide
    • pure ethanol as the solvent

    To favor substitution rather than elimination, use:

    • lower temperatures
    • more dilute solutions of sodium or potassium hydroxide
    • more water in the solvent mixture

    Contributors


    This page titled The Reaction of Alkyl Halides with Hydroxide Ions is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jim Clark.

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