Objectives
After completing this section, you should be able to
- write an equation to describe the preparation of an amide from an acid chloride.
- identify the amide linkage as the basic unit from which all proteins are made, and hence recognize the importance of the amide linkage to biologists and biochemists.
- write detailed mechanisms for the acidic and basic hydrolysis of amides.
- write an equation to describe the reduction of an amide to an amine.
- write a detailed mechanism for the reduction of an amide to an amine.
- identify the product formed when a given amide is reduced with lithium aluminum hydride.
- identify the amide, the reagents, or both, necessary to prepare a given amine by direct reduction.
- identify lactams as being cyclic amides which undergo hydrolysis and reduction in a manner analogous to that of their acyclic counterparts.
Key Terms
Make certain that you can define, and use in context, the key term below.
Study Notes
When we talk about amino acids, we are generally referring to α‑amino acids; that is, compounds in which an amino (NH2) group and a carboxyl group are attached to the same carbon atom:
![general structure of an amide](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/106370/21-7a.png?revision=1)
Notice that such compounds contain a chiral carbon atom (unless R = H, which is glycine). Proteins can be considered to consist of amino acid residues joined by amide (or peptide) links. These peptide links consist of exactly the same structural units that we find in N‑substituted primary amides.
![21.7 peptide links.svg](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/365435/21.7_peptide_links.svg?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=356&height=179)
![21.7 peptide types.svg](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/365436/21.7_peptide_types.svg?revision=2&size=bestfit&width=455&height=118)
A lactam is a cyclic amide, in the same way that a lactone is a cyclic ester:
![a lactam and a lactone](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/106377/21-7e.png?revision=1)
Among the most important molecules that contain lactam rings are the penicillins:
![structure of penicillin G](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/106378/21-7f.png?revision=1)
The amide functional group is extremely important for biological molecules because amides make up the backbone of proteins. Proteins are actually polymers of amino acids, linked by amide groups known as peptide bonds. Proteins (polymers of ~40 amino acids or more) and peptides (shorter polymers) are formed when the amino group of one amino acid monomer reacts with the carboxylate carbon of another amino acid to form an amide linkage, which in protein terminology is a peptide bond. The individual amino acids within a peptide or protein are called amino acid residues.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Compounds containing amides have a wide range of biological activity and include penicillin G an antibiotic, piperine which is responsible for the pungent flavor of black pepper, and anandamide which provides some of the pleasurable sensations gained from eating chocolate.
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)
Preparation of Amides
Amides are most commonly prepared though the reaction of an acid chloride with ammonia, a 1o amine, or 2o amine. In an analogous reaction, an amide can be prepared through the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine using a coupling agent such as DCC. Simple amides can be prepared by reacting an acid anhydride with an amine. Lastly, amides can be formed through the direct reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine. However, this reaction is rarely used because the conditions are relatively severe.
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)
Reactions of Amides
Amides are relatively unreactive towards nucleophilic acyl substitutions due to the poor leaving group ability of its nitrogen containing Y group. Despite this, amides can react with water under acidic or basic conditions to create a carboxylic acid through nucleophilic acyl substitution. Reaction of primary amides with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) creates nitriles. Hydride reduction using LiAlH4 causes the carbonyl oxygen of the amide to eliminate as a leaving group creating the corresponding amine.
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)
Lactams, cyclic amides, are affected by these reactions in the same fashion as acyclic amides.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Conversion of Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis
Amides can be hydrolyzed into a carboxylic acid and ammonia or an amine by heating in an acidic or basic aqueous solution. In both cases, acid-base reactions occurring with the products make the overall reaction irreversible. Under acidic conditions the amine produced by the reaction is protonated to form a non-nucleophilic ammonium compound. Under basic conditions the carboxylic acid produced by the reaction is deprotonated to a non-electrophilic carboxylate.
General Reaction
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Examples
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAoMAAACDCAYAAAD28RGnAAATo0lEQVR4nO3dQWgcR77H8b4sQmJ5YB42z+zerNs75ZB3doINsW4mYK/Al8Vk97zB2YMPgtinkByEkf14h0QbHhhls5ckxEaGvLWIwBvJYfEig4wXbOyAMTh4ctLc/u/grUlNTVV3V3dXd1X39wMCWzPTXdPq+fevq7tqMgEAAMBgZV03AAAAAN0hDDqMxwfyxZ//JMff+JVkWSZZlsmv3zguN7d35GA87rp5ABJGfQEQE8KgxXh8IO++fWJSpM2fk6cvULABVEJ9ARAbwqDF5saaZFkmC3OLcnN7Z/L777ZvyLH5ecmyTK5dv9VhCwGkivoCIDaEQcNo9EJOHT4iWZbJ1s79mcf3drckyzI5emhJfhyNOmghgFRRXwDEiDBoKCrGqpgvzC3Kg0dPO2ghgFRRXwDEiDBoUMXadd+Ofr+P7cweAFyoLwBiRBg0UKwBhEJ9ARAjwqCByzgAQqG+AIgRYdCg3+BtG9GnRgJygzdsbNOGqB4ete+on3MXr8y8XoUFfZqRlz+9lPWr63IwHk/2T3qN0kR9ARAjwqDF6soyUz+gls2NNesB/cnjfTk2P28Nc6sryzM9Qur5Rw8tycOnD3NHoiIN1BcAsSEMWjApLOpyhUFXz57qEbKFvNHohZx/87z8OBrlhkmkgfoCIDaEQQfX10V9+tmXFGoU8gmD6nd5IWDn9m3CYI9QXwDEhDAIBOATBlXAK3NpkDAIAGgaYRAIwBwsYv7oYU4NGiEMAgC6QBgEAvDpGSQMAgC6RBgskGWZ9d9Anir3DNqmmjERBvuHGgOga1SeAhRqVOE7mtg2rYy5vK2d+4TBHqLGAOgalacAhRpV+M4zmPc1ZKsry5NLyITB/qHGAOgalacAhRo+6n4DiW3giXq9/u0VfF1Zf1BjAHSNylOAQg0gJGoMgK5ReQpQqAGERI0B0DUqTwEKNYCQqDEAukblKUChBhASNQZA16g8BSjUAEKixgDoGpWnAIUaQEjUGABdo/IAAAAMGGGwh+7dvSO/O3t2Mk/dwtyivHfpI/nh2XMRmZ6vzjZ5sfquXNukyVXXGWq9AACgHsJgjjIBJzYff/j+zKTFevsfPHraeCgrs04RwiBgSrHGAOgfwqBD2YATExWmFuYW5eb2zuT39+7ekWPz85JlmZw8fUGePf+hsVBWdp0H4zFhENCkWGMA9BNh0MIn4MRC/xo09T22us2NtUmPQ1OhzGedIvQMAkqKNQZAfxEGDb4BJxZPHu/Lsfn5Uj0KTYUyn3U2uV4gZanWGAD9RRg0+AacWKh2lwlSeijL+ykbBsuGt6bWC6Qs1RoDwN94fCDrV9ej7+UnDBp8A04sCINAGlKtMQD8EQZdK4x8UtVUC3Xoy8Tfbd+Y3Muk7nMKfZlYX+frb52lFwWlUGMAxIIwaK7oX70+5r9jk+olnKL7kPZ2t+Q3Z34v/3z8yDuUPX/2avTxpQ8+EZFX9zQtzC3K3/f3S69TxC8M7j3Yk1OHj8i5i1cm742DJ/JQYwDEhjCoVpBTlGMs2D6hKjabG2utTC2jHt/auV96nXWmllF/E0ZXwoYaAyAmqyvLubdCnbt4pesmzghWJX2KcGzF2ifgxKaNSafVjq5eG3LSafUaelGK6dt9CKgxAGI36J7BvMKbyhl8KhPC2rbbvbt35MzSa1PtbWq+P7VdzANV0Trrrnd1ZZnLxAVc+2sfUWOGQYVmgjFSNcgwWLbYxnZZx7XOMgGnaBmhdLGd1MGriwOVfmm6C3ld/in9pI4ak/7f0AdhEKkbVBisWqS6Ltgh1hG63V0dEPTLWl0Esq7DoNJ1mBtqMKTGhF1mrAiDSN0gwmBTRamoYDetrYOAjX6p1HYTqbofz3ysywOAGv3YZhhT4e/a9VsyHh9wmbiEPoU/hRrjv47x+EC++POf5Pgbv5o859dvHJeb2zszB6QYvxVIrdP1k1IwDLF97929I787eza3N7mr9SJdlapVqELnWm4bB4QQbOszJ142P6iuMNgldXZu/oQOht9+9fnUPIMUnXx9CH9KyBoTcn1dbHt9nfpI5TJBijAYVtPbN+RgvSbWW4VvB0mM+2wfeFetNgpdiFDY5cFRX7cZBs0dNsYwCLSpqx61osfKLLdLWZY5RynrE7jr09nEfmBN/TJxk9tXPTfkNF5111uFbwdJ6H3WPBk5efqCvPzppaxfXZ9My6avV+8ssU0VlYrS1aurM16f37ue23WR1tm+kk3fgQiDGKoYeu71x5pYTpvqTN1EGAyjqe1bNDfl5sZaYzNG1FlvFb4dJCH32dWV5ZmeTnWb1L8t/Je8/stftnJVrAuFFazrQle1l7DrdrvoO/Lly5dnutkJgxiarj+rVXsJu263qeggaJuzkzAYVlPbN/RXfza13ip8O0hC7bNqX7MtczR6IeffPC93//E3OTY/P6wwGFuhKxsKY2u3Sd+Rb27vTM66VLEjDGIoYvqs+lw6jqndOnUQdAUnvZdHHcxsB2LbD/dfVdPU9vX9Puuu1luFbwdJiDColpl30rFz+/bwwmCMhU5p6tJOV8wd2RypSxjEEMT6WS3TGxgrwmB8qmxf/f7O1986Kw8ePQ0eBvV16vcGVg2DrvUVtbVMB0mIfVa9z6J7/tTzCIMRse1cKbTbdlajdvajh5bkt++cIAyi92L/rKZYX/p4mTh1vtv3+bNXAxTOXbwyCe9HDy1NeqRCXCbee7Anpw4fkUsffCIiry6XqvU0fZnYFg59O0hChEF9KrM8hMFEpNBu24fUtnMTBtFnKXxWTbG3Wa8jrpv9zYMkYTCsOttXhUE1mjVvIMfe7pb85szv5Z+PH9Verz7Bf9EAEnO9Vfh2kPi+N1tPq+s1hEHzl4mdESsptNO1I5vD2QmD6DP9s5rC51YkjXaqg2hfppZJXdXta+vFdU0b1PTUMmofUq/zWW9T2yivg6RKr6fZ02q+Z7XMouMuYTCBIiiSRjtdO7I5WSxhEH1GGAyjD5NO90nd7Wt+81LoSafV8s39pK1Jp8t0kFR9b3pPqy242qaV0W1urMn/XP9fwmAKUmhn3o6s3ytBGESfEQbDcX0d3aeffZnE19H1Sd3ta/tO9nt378iZpdemwlgTX0enAp8rEJVZbxW+HSR15tPMC3u2AVbK6sqyXLt+i57BVIpgKu0Eho4wCBSzhcEQ9EvBbQcd3w6SupfAi05sbF+/urVzf2q9Iedd7AphEEDrCIPALH0gw3h8UCq81GWO3u2ztsJ1igiDAFpHGATsvv3q86nRr3Uvwxax9YT1NTARBt0IgwBaRxgEEFoXPa2pIgwCaB1hEEAb2u5pTRVhsGWM3gMIgwAQE8JgywiDAGEQAGJCGGwZYRAgDAJATAiDLSMMAoRBAIgJYbBlhEEgzTAoklZbAaAswmDLbF/AbfshDKLPCIMAEA/CYMsIg/0XovfX9X2zN7d3rF+6HjvCIADEgzDYMi4T91/Tf2PzC9vNn5OnLyQXCAmDABAPwmDLCIP91/TfWP8S+ZvbO5Pff7d9YzKZ6rXrtxp9D6ERBgEgHoTBlhEG+6/Jv3Ff9xfCIADEgzDYsr4e3PGzJv/GRc9V61qYW5QHj5429h5CIwwCQDwIgy0jDPZfk4OE1P7gui9Qv5/Qtj/FijAIAPEgDAINIwwWIwwCQDwIg0DDqvT+6oNB9IEiXCaOS0ptBYCykg+DqR5U0F++YfD5sx/k1OEjcumDT0Tk1ehhFe70ZdlGDKuRxqndVpDK5zalWggAVZUKgzFSl9rM3wFdq3tfqHpcvXZ1ZbnXU8vEyFZf1O8BoG+SC4OuIq0eA7pWNwyq8Kde2/dJp2OSV1/U4wDQN87KVlQU21YUAmNqK4atThj8+MP3rQHP9XV0n372ZXJBUInpc1smBMbSVgBoWmF167oIEgIxFCoIpjYYpK6uP8eEQABDV7rKtV0UCYEYEv0r51KaIqZJ1BgA6IZ3tWujQHLPDobkyeP9yUCQoQZBXejPOPcFAsC0SlUv1FkzZ+oYItUraP4MORiGrDFtrxMAYler8jVVPAmBAGyoMQAQXiMVsGoxpUADKIMaAwDhNFoJyxZXCjSAKqgxANC8IBWxaqGlQAMogxoDAM0JVhl9zr45UwfgixoDAM0IXh25XAMgJGoMANTTWpXUizIFGkDTqDEAUE3r1ZICDSAkagwA+KFqAgAADBhhEAAAYMAIgwAAAANGGAQAABgwwiAAAMCAEQYBAAAGjDAIAAAwYIRBAACAASMMAgAADBhhEAAAYMAIgwAAAANGGAQAABgwwiAAAMCAEQYBAAAGjDAIAAAwYIRBAACAASMMAgAADFhrYXA0eiGnDh+RLMskyzI5d/FK7uMnT1+Qg/E49znmj+015mu3du7Xar96/ZPH+3Jsfr7y8mJRdrv05f0CAIBprfcMjscH8u7bJyTLMmuw2NxYKwwcmxtrM8FvPD6QD9+9JD+ORjPP10NklTBjvl4Fo6rLi0mZMLi3uzUJ3Km/XwAAMK2TMHj1o4/kzNJrsjC3KA8ePZ16vGoYNNfx7tsnppZTt2fLfP3QesqG9n4BABiKTsLg+tV1efb8Bzl1+IgcPbQ01ZtXNQx+8/XXk//bersIg/UM7f0CADAUnYXBg/F4EjD0+werhMHR6IVc/sNHcjAez9xXqMKmWtfN7Z3JZWq1Xv3StXq+Wo75ejMM6sszezr15WZZJteu35q099ThI9a2iExflnXdY7m5sWZ9fG93SxbmFuXv+/tTy9bboi8r7zLx6sryTDvU81zvDQAApKXTMCjyc6hRYaJsGMwbPGLrxVK/U4FNhSYV3myXlj/+8P3J464wqC9jdWV5Eh7H4wO5fP78zOv/8s03k7DqasuThw8nvaV7u1szvadPHu/L8f84Pnm+ev2NrRuTexn1ZbvWlXcv5erK8tQ2VcFwa+e+873RawgAQHo6D4Mi00Gjbs+gSH4Y1MOcHqhEXoUqtdyiZdrWofey2Xr3VOgt0xZzeS5q26mAV9ROc12ubWW2R39e3nsDQsibScB273FX6s5aoDNPEkO0gxM5ACKRhEHVK3f00JJc/e9LsrVz33m5V6T4nsGyYdB8jt47uLe75f161eZr129NBUtT2fsPV1eWZy4PK6p3VLXVJwwWrXtzY83aG6mHwbwBPEAo5mdffWZjCYRNhkF1olflJItZAsKrM9WZ/vqmpjsrUufkIgZNfraqMDtBTp6+IC9/ejnJM0Xta6L9IU/yogiDIj83vkxhco0mHo1eyO2/7lYOg2rZr791Vt47/54zDLler/eo2S7v+iwr7/XmY02HQVvRMMOgq21ASLbPvto3+9QzPRq9kPNvnpffvnMi6IkXPYP1+U51JtL8dGdl1Dm5iEGXYXB1Zdl5TDx6aEkePn2Y+/eo+/c2lxPiJK/1MGheftWpN1F1nkHVq1cnDKqNbfbIFb1erd8clKK3c293y3mZWP+/7Q/+/fffT71/fcfU/99EGDQHz5jPy3tvQEi2z77eI98XmxtrkysMIXtzCIP1FU11JtLOdGd52jq56CP9KpxJbVfbIFNTm5+16HsGzYEfvpNOF3XL64M39NHBempfmFuUr//v65mBFrpvv/p86nf6es0QlnfPnO1bV8xl2dpiGyBjGwGsHnvnj3+cLOPff/GLn9uzvj75vfn/hblF+ds/7lrfV9G2tl3Gd13OBppkO/CaJ0dKqNH85nLN+5fNEznz+UWfFX2AVlHQdS276iwB8Fd025JIO9OdFbWxjZOLvlF/t7wAvXP7NmGwj/J6LgF0y3aiZLtlIdRofhW+VDjTe8nV3Km2KZjU/8scjPd2t6YCoz5LgfkebcvWT/J8ZglANUUDGtua7syl7MmF77Rkvs8335frRMp1kmYGavNyqO3yaJU26nxuQcn7e+qP550o2mZFUTVL79gKMRUcYdBQZjQzgG64egbNAhdqNL9rqie1PHPZVQZbra4sz6zTFth8Bqm53ieXiesrmupMpJ3pzlzKnFzo9+yXmZbM9/n6+yk6kfKZBi3vtqcqbbRtu7L3WRb9PV23ltm2x3fbN2ZOHkJPBUcY/Bf1geZyJxCvvPuFzUFVIUbz20ba670t5rLK3E9ma5styNra4hMGi2YJQDVFPYMi7Ux35lL25KLutGRFz/c9kSo7DVqde+RdJ4LmtvIJg2Xb77s98rZBE1PBEQYBJMMVgMzRfqFG89sOpHoPYpmCX/T+bAceW2+Oz3tUz8+bJQDVlLlnsI3pzmx8Ti6aCFZ5//c9kSo7g0eTbTS5BpTmbetQ28PV3qamgiMMAkhG3mVi2yCPpkfz23oh9Ta5lmXeO/SXL7Zn3tuTx/uy9J9nc8OdHhTzll1llgBUUzTVmUj1MKiWX2a6M1fbyp5chA6DvidSMYRBta3yLiWrW8tCbw9Xe5uaCo4wCCB6RTMJ2M7cQ43md9307Zp1wGyHLTjY7m+yPea66V5/zHb/VZntSCCspmiqM5F6YbDsdGcm35OL0GHQ90SqzPYxB8SY08A0EQb1z7vtVhK17tDbo2gb1J0KjjAIAICnslOdicyODg413Znie3Khn0Bkmd+0ZGWebw4iKTqRMrdH3jRo+ihaNc2auY192uhiO0k0rwD4tr/M9lDryfubNzEVHGEQAIBIMd0Z2kAYBAAgUkx3hjYQBgEAiAzTnaFNhEEAAIABIwwCAAAMGGEQAABgwAiDAAAAA/b/NxYcXVyQF8oAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
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)
Mechanism Under Acidic Conditions
Protonation of the amide increases the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon allowing water to add causing formation of a tetrahedral oxonium intermediate. Next a proton is transferred to the amide nitrogen giving it a positive charge and increasing its ability to act as a leaving group. Reforming the carbonyl double bond causes the elimination of an amine as a leaving group, creating a protonated carboxylic acid. In the last step of the mechanism, the produced amine acts as a base, removing a hydrogen, to form a carboxylic acid and an ammonium compound. This final deprotonation step essentially removes the amine from the equilibrium which drives the reaction towards completion. Since the amine is no longer part of the equilibrium, the reaction is effectively irreversible.
1) Protonation of the carbonyl
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)
2) Nucleophilic attack by water
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
3) Proton transfer
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
4) Leaving group removal
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
5) Deprotonation
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Mechanism Under Basic Conditions
The base-promoted hydrolysis of an amide follows the typical nucleophilic acyl substitution mechanism. A full equivalent of hydroxide anion is used, so the reaction is called base-promoted and not base catalyzed. The mechanism of basic amide hydrolysis begins with the nucleophilic addition of a hydroxide ion at the carbonyl carbon creating a tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate. The carbonyl bond is reformed along with the elimination of an amide ion (-NHR) leaving group (note this is a different use of the word amide meaning an amine anion), forming a carboxylic acid. In the last step, the amide ion deprotonates the carboxylic acid to form a carboxylate salt and an amine as products. This final deprotonation step essentially removes the carboxylic acid from the equilibrium which drives the reaction towards completion. Since the carboxylic acid is no longer part of the equilibrium, the reaction is effectively irreversible.
1) Nucleophilic attack by hydroxide
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)
2) Leaving group removal
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
3) Deprotonation
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Hydrolysis of Proteins
Hydrolysis of amide bonds is the first step in the metabolism of dietary proteins. Protein hydrolysis is catalyzed by protease enzymes (abbreviated Asp1 and Asp2 in the figure below). The mechanisms starts with the nucleophilic acyl substitution by water while breaking the amide C-N bond. This produces a protein fragment with an amine and another with a carboxylic acid. The amine fragment will deprotonate the carboxylic acid forming the carboxylate and ammonium fragments.
![clipboard_ec825068abf2dbde0c92a5f31e42b74d9.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/206991/clipboard_ec825068abf2dbde0c92a5f31e42b74d9.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=711&height=649)
Conversion of 1o Amides to Nitriles: Dehydration
1o Amides can be converted into a nitrile through reaction with thionyl chloride (SOCl2). Sulfurdioxide (SO2) and hydrochloric acid are produced as byproducts.
General Reaction
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![clipboard_e65d10255a9a3ef7bce17f280727353af.png](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/351977/clipboard_e65d10255a9a3ef7bce17f280727353af.png?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=390&height=172)
Mechanism for the Conversion of a 1o Amide to a Nitrile
During the first step of the mechanism, the amide acts as a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic sulfur of thionyl chloride, pushing the pi electrons of the S=O bond onto oxygen. Removal of a chloride anion as a leaving group allows the sulfoxide S=O bond to reform creating a protonated imine chlorosulfite. Deprotonation forms an imine chlorosulfite intermediate. A second deprotonation eliminates the chlorosulfite leaving group as sulfur dioxide and a chloride anion and forms the C-N triple bond of the nitrile product.
1) Nucleophilic attach on thionyl chloride
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2) Leaving group removal
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
3) Deprotonation
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
4) Leaving group removal
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Conversion of Amides to 1o, 2o or 3o Amines: Hydride Reduction
Amides are reduced to amines by treatment with LiAlH4, and this has proven to be one of the most general methods for preparing all classes of amines (1º, 2º & 3º). Due to the nitrogen in the Y group of amides, the outcome of LiAlH4 reductions is distinctly different than for esters since amide anions are poorer leaving groups than alkoxide anions. Furthermore, oxygen forms especially strong bonds to aluminum. During this reaction the carbonyl oxygen of the amide is removed as a leaving group and not the nitrogen containing Y group. Removal of the leaving group allows for a formation of a C=N iminium bond which can accept a second addition of a hydride nucleophile to form the amine.
General Reaction
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAVIAAACSCAYAAAAXSkLvAAAMSklEQVR4nO3dzWsc5x3A8aEEZIlS4YMNJr5ZoTnk0kNOvUjUhtgkaYShIaBLm+QfcP0CKgRi91DjQoIwvsW1c3Btpxc7RMY+tAirYMuHJKBQyabEtRWEErveYMJOT78ezLN59tl53Zmd5zcz34/Zg1fSeryr+e48z7xsIACAQgLfCwAAdac2pGHYlSuXz8n0zPMSBIEEQSC7Z6bl2vKKdMPQ9+IBQI/KkIZhVw4d3NsLqHvbN3uYmAJQQ2VIr188LUEQyMTYlFxbXundf3t5UfaMj0sQBHLmwg2PSwgAP1IX0k7nkezfsVOCIJClla8Gvr56Z0mCIJBd2w/I407HwxICQD91IU0LpQntxNiUrH/90MMSAkA/tSGNmwe150+jtlgBoGqEFAAKUhtShvYA6kJdSO2dTVF75s0efXY2AdBCXUhFRD587y0OfwJQGypDygH5AOpEZUhF4k8RPX/pKhEFoIrakAJAXRBSACiIkAJAQapDGgSDixd1HwD4pLpKhBRAHaiuEiEFUAeqq0RIAdSB6ioRUgB1oLpKhBRAHaiuEiEFUAeqq0RIAWgT2SUPy5EZIdXFXJXLvvLWg/trsmd8PPVqXGmfxeU+XtRlEs3Xki6j6P58p/NIXpMXZFIm5cbDLwe+/4uN6zIpk/KivM5lGZEqrj+qq0RI9bi9vNi7eIwdTXOlrrTrw5YRUnMtWnOLehxCilEipBhKGHblo1Pv9wXM3fqM2lJ1ZQ1p0nIcOrhXJsam5MixdyQIApmbXxj4PkKKUUlqj+oqEVK/7OvC7p6Z7l3S0A1m2udsiRTfIjX375s9LGvrn6cO/wkpykZIMZQw7MqJt9+W85euypPvn/Si6oY0aThuFA2pGdbPzS8kfgAiIcUopHVHdZUIqR52vNyQZvlAwiIhjQqnHdakn7dDmvSHkCJOluaorhIh1SNLSJMiWSSkWe+Lup+QoihCitIkhTRpqG0UCam7t9692Y9X5tDezP3yQYvtlbU3qqtESPXwtUWa9kGI7vC+rJAm/X/RDnlao7pKhFQPX3Ok5u9Rj222GJOG/MOG1N4KJqTtREhRuqSQ5t1rH3c7c+HGwGOZoEUdWhUV5zJCah7j3aNHM521hebJ2xnVVSKkeiSFNO9xpFlDurG1mTq8NicDmOF90ZCa/6d9vCohbR9CisqZrcYmBOf6xdO9aYSs1xFAswzTGNVVIqT6ZT3Xvg6SdmxFnY6K5hm2L6qrREj1M1ttTQwNW6TtQ0iBkhHSdinSFqoEANLgkN67dVPu/npWusG2Z7fnXpLHf/iT/Pc/3/heNAANUnSkqzakK3889mNA3dtzL8mT9X/7XkQADVDGdKHKkK7eWeoF89E//tm7/96tm/LNT34q3WCb/O+No/LD06celxJAEzQypGHYlTuv/lK6wTb5/i+LA19f+fgDhvcASlHWzmt1IX1wf+3ZVifDdwAjVOYRQGpDGv7sVXn63Xe+FwdAQxFSiAjH1ALDKnvdUbcmMrRPZ05bBDCcxoc0bWfT6p0l+faN38m3d+96WDq/CCigk8q1cuXjDzj8yUFAAb3Urp0ckP8MW6Htknbd1t0z03JtecX3YoqIzjMP7ecv6kI67vVry6JiDY2Lxb1bN+Vfv/p5pheqacFp2v+nbtyAVSXLBbDTPq6lClo3dNznz32eGhnSUfySNiFAWpc/beVu021Ukj7byr5eatKnEYya5jMP3ZC618ltVEiriJ3WGCVpwptAU1QZT1vahwRm+ViXUdJ+5mHUFr19GcTGhLTKUNQlTHVZzjbx9Zpk3SL1dSFt7Ycn2s/fiRMnJAiCvk+grX1IfcZCa6QIKFxZ5kiTPvZ61LSfMGM/f9eWVwamQmobUi2x0LIchqZlgR5JIZ0Ym5Lzl672DemrnhceNqRVLqe9RW8+5cD8vXYh1RYuw/dy+f73oVvU0P728mLv9+b4ybPedjKJ1Gtob54/E89d2w/Ib98dzdTISNboOoSi6mUkoMgibo7UfOS1u/OkatrPPIx6/qK28lWHtG6xqGp56/ScwK+4kNo7mnzOkYroPvMw7vkzRzuMNKRFz6aoW0Bdccte9CyJuj8vqF7SXnt7vs/ncaQi9TggP+6NyFtIzc19YZsUiqj/y7BnSTTpeUG1sh5H6nuIL5LvzMOqZH0jGnlIs55N0dRQ2BH0dZYEgHpJDamI/7MpfAiCwNtZEgDqJdcWaduC4essCQD1knmO1PeeQh98nSUBoF5SQxp1NkVbuFvqVZ0lAWD0ytzPEzu013Q2hS++zpIAMHqVhFREz9kUvvg6SwLQqtN5JK/JCzIpk3Lj4ZcDX/9i47pMyqS8KK/3HeGiVVkxTQypprMpfPB1lgSgFSGNeRyR+pxNUTVfZ0kAWjUtpCLlxDTXcaRtG+L7OksC0IqQxjxGCcuBlrj56Se9Nw93J6R5Y0l7o836pu2eRRYnDLty5fI5mZ55fuDaEG0aPVWliSEVKR5TQopMzNEK7s1sjZvpjrQAlhlSd4rFvbVtKqoKdkiT/tQtpCLFYkpIkcqOn9niNIfHRZ3plbRVWmZIzVElE2NTfVcnu7282NtybtNUVBXyhtR+LdzXSRtCWqGmXqwlyYP7azI983xf3KKCmOWaDGWFtOwpAmSTZ2i/ur4q+3fslOMnz4rIszc+7Uf/DLt+t68KBbUxpFHMnKi9Ypj7kuJVVgDTvs/8O9pX3LopMkdqXrOo110LQloRQhp/IZss8cp67dusIY3b+rWXUfOKWzdFQmqmfrS/HsOs41Qhp7aH1A6UG7u0rU33e7KENG6OjZD6MWxIPzr1fm12ABLSCrQ5pGlnumWJV56hfdIcG0N7P4YJqYlonV6LvOt5e6swpLaG1N0S3djcGvievFukeedI7Tm2qCMJbGaPPjub/LKPrKjbyCDPut7OKhTQ1pCa+a0s859Z50jzhtSdY7OXicOf9HEvO1k3hHSE2hhSe4WIupmVZJR77aPm2DggXzf76nFRvy91kHV9b18VCmpjSONWCHfFGNVxpElzbHGniLb1YuQoFyEdkTaGNCsT3DKH03WeY0MzZFnnqUJOhDRa1nPt86j7HBuaI229pwo5EdJoJnplXlKwCXNsaAZCWjJCCrRT0rpPFXIipEA7EdISEVKgveLWf6qQEyEF2ouQloSQAu0W1QCqkBMhBeCiCjkRUgAuqpATIQXgogo5EVIALqqQEyEF4KIKORFSAC6qkBMhBeCiCjkRUgAuqpATIQXgogo5EVIALqqQEyEF4KIKORFSAC6qkBMhBeCiCjkRUgAuqpATIQXgogoAUBAhBYCCCCkAFERIAaAgQgoABRFSACiIkAJAQYQUAAoipABQECEFgIIIKQAUREgBoCBCCgAFEVIAKIiQAkBBhBQACiKkAFAQIQWAgggpABSkMqQP7q/JnvFxCYJAdm0/II87nVIfN8tjrt5ZKv3fB9BMKkN6/eJpCYKgd1ta+aqUxyWkAEZBXUjDsCuHDu6VibEpOXLsHQmCQObmFypfDkIK6Bgd1oG6kJoneN/sYVlb/zzyyTbfMzE2JZ/9/TP5zYFfSBAE8vIrb8rG5pY8uL/Wd5/52aQX7+ann/R+YV5+5U25cvlc5C+P/X0TY1PytyvL1TwxgAcaRod1oC6k5oWbm1/obZ26L6D9Luneds9MD3zNbNHGvXjuL4t9s7/3w/feivyeMxduVPskARXQMjqsA1UhjQqnHVbDDunc/IJ0w1BuLy/2wnb85FnphmHvZ00Mo0La6TyS/Tt29j2WvRxRP7uxudW3HE15VwVsVY8O7XXx2vKKnDrx+946feT4n6Ubhn3Lp2l0qCqkUU9u0n0TY1Oy/vXD2Pvcec6sjx/1s+bvcbeyhjyAFlWPDu2QRt3sjSlto0NVIU0aYtsvYJkhjdup5H5v1mUDmsD36HDf7GHZ2NySMOz2oql5dKgmpPYLl/aOlBTSpEhm3bqN+lnzi7Bv9vDAEANoGh+jQzuk9oZJHUaHakIaFzSR+BehjJBGzZFubW7EzpGa+RsR6b3zMkeKpvExOswaUo2jQzUhTdric5/gMkNq/9vstQf8jQ7zhlTT6FBFSO0XLi5KJmJz8wulh1Qk23GkYdiVv547pWZPITAKGkaHSSHVODpUEVIAevgaHWYNqYi+0SEhBdDjc3SYJ6TaRoeEFAAKIqQAUBAhBYCCCCkAFPR/hA7TGWnodBwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
Predicting the Products of a Hydride Reduction
There are two major changes in bonding during this reaction: 1) The C=O carbonyl is removed from the starting material 2) Two hydride nucleophiles are added to what was the carbonyl carbon of the amide.
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnIAAABdCAYAAAAhS4tfAAAOtUlEQVR4nO3dT2icxxnH8aGUyivaQygJBOdSpGMvOfhUKBa1wTEhjXCJmqJLcF3oLThOSnUItXQoxqYJaqK0hzh/Co6V+OIEbGJKg6hCXEmQKlVAblJsHBWhkiKbUHbby9ODmNezszPv++67+7478+73A0vCerU7s7vv8/525n3fUQIAAIAoqUE3AAAAAMUQ5ABgCLVaTTl57JAopWR6Zj7X39y586U8cv8DcnjylDRbrUKPabWa8urZ07K08mlP7c9Dt+XB+47Kv+/caWvDyWOHkvvfv/iSKKUKt6nKPgE2ghwADKHbtzZlrNEQpVRH0PHpR5B78fknewpN3agqyFXZJ8BGkAOAIaTDy9zcnDeEtFpNOTv3jCilZHRkXF5/b7EjpOV5jH6cHgHUtx8982s5eeyQjI6My42bX7S1S/+9/jvzMX9+750khI6OjMsbi+86Q2MvQe7zjb/KwYn9SVsPHJmSre2djvfH7pM5upm3nUAvSg1yO9tb8rOpqbYv+bOz5zo2BgBAdcwgs/bJdRlrNDqmV10hRd/skJX2mLTnm56Z7whRenRLhyw9cqifT/+7fXNND+cNchurS21BUf9d0T6Z/cjTTqAXpQU5c9jevpkbDACgWro+T8/Md4Qa+zEP3nfUO1qW5zE2exrSbIsZoPR+YmN1SZRSsnDhWvLY0ZFxub62nvz9I/c/4Nyv+AKZvvmmlO3wmMXXp7ztBHpRSpAzf6XMnjnfNgT/6tnTqRs5AKBc9iiYa2pRByhzBMk+/i3PY2x26NH7i8OTp2Tzxscy1mjIieeek7FGQxYuXJMXn3+yI9TZo1q+Y9yKBjl7pO2hiYPyxuK7srt71/l+2n3qtp1AL0oJcmm/ZlzHOwAAqpE2HWoGj6qCnL5vdGRcnv3FT/dGsT5Z23uO48fliaMPp76eSHaQy5pa9Vlf+0jOzj2THCvnezxBDoNUSpDzfYk1zvABgMFIO+zFDCpVTa2K3NtnmG0wjzHT+5KiU6tFg5z5+F+dfMy732JqFYNEkAOAIaKD1sKFa233+6Y8+3Wyg/065j7CnALV95nhzh696/fJDjbztfNMxbr6xMkOqApTqwAwJMzgZf+Q1gHPDBr2pUUWXnst8/IjrseYzBHB6Zn55DE6+OiAaY722eHJvqzHpcvLzv72MiK3vvZRx+VHfPssX5/ythPoReknOzz+9OnkANFWq5lsrJzsAAAA0BsuPwIAABCp0i8IrIfc9Y0LAgMAAPQHS3QBAABEiiAHAAAQqUqCnFKq7b8AAGA49ev6foMUUh8IcgAAoDIhhaCiQuoDQQ4AIqHXq7Yv2hvyji+ENvp2umUKod+hCikEFRVSHwhyABAJ3+oLIe/4QmgjQS4sIYWgokLqA0EOAALnWgprema+baex9sl1eeLow8kqBHon0mo15fLbr7etMHB1eSX1tczLRh04MtV2yajbtzaT1zFXPDBX7Zmbm0tWZfj81s2kjYvv3WvHs7Pn2i4Kb6+C8Mbiu22rR7ieQ7fNtfPUy2wtXLiWK8jF2O9YmUuydbMUWkhC6gNBriRpH/KJp+aC/5J2I8bpHiAmWUEubU1P35qf9lqrvtcxd0q+unZ48pTs3t3t+Fvf/fZ6rFnrkubpp15iTNehF59/Mrn4fFaQi7nfMQopBBUVUh8IciXJ+pDrtERZjNM9QLdCqF9pC9vrYLaxupSsdb154+Pk//UIzs72ljfUmOub6pEu+zXtx+vn2trZTtpir9dqt1H/3ejIuFxZuiJjjYaMjozL9bX1jn83R73M5/jL8pW2Wqrbbo9UmkHMV5Ni7neMQpqWLCqkPhDkSuL7kF1FNG3qQ08PPP706WTYX0+b6CH50ZFxZ7HxDdmbUw4ms3DlmY7pZbonq98uaVMQ9gLbZpC+urySOu2i22K+vxs3NpyLg7vaW9fpD9wTSu3yBTlz2UP93T88eSrZ6bturqUSfbXB1Go1ZX3tI3n53LlkUXkz0NjP69ux6b6ceeGMc4TJHGHL6mez1Uoec3jylGzv7NVZ/ZxZQS7mfscopBBUVEh9IMiVpJsglzb1oQuMfXto4mDqMG7akL2rEOgglDXkbxa6XqZ7svpty5qCMB+zcOFaUgzzTLu42vvQxMG29yOtDb85f6mW0x+4J5TalWf0ux9Bzve91fXrwJEp+XRjMwlMVQUaXz/1Nvr+xZdkdGRcFhcXZazRSGpJ3iAXa79jE1IIKiqkPoRRnWooa2pVb7xmgHJNffzxT+/c++W3vZM8Xo806dcxi4h+TNqQvRlkRNpDUFab7C9nt9M95jRIntfI0x/Xe24+T9q0izmap59LF9M87f32t36QjDrWafoDe0IJcSLdBznX1Goae4pRROSt1892/ECaPXNeRPa+58njMwKNUkrOnb8ozVYr2Xa6nWLMCjRmfXTVhrxTq7H1OzYhhaCiQupDOBWqZnxB7sCRqWSjFRHviJsuRG++9fu24Gd/eVxD775fl+YvPV24zDO69HNktcn+Fd/tdI85vZvnNfL0x/V+mvenTbu4nr+b9u77xn45MvGd2k1/YE+IQc4e/U7b0ftGkl3fzayD/n3bQd5A42tD3oP+swKN+Vrm/b2e7BB6vzHcSq1QO9tb8vcfTkpT7du7ff278q+3PyjzJYNhFw79S8wctREpHuTs40K6DXJmsNG/PO1g02uQSys+ZQU5fZ/9Put/c0279CvIUWzrJ6QQJ9I+4jQ9M5+cGZn23dNnleu/U6rzEhgm/Xjzx6feHs1/Gx0Zl0uXl5NtTh+LmjbF2M1lOC5dXnY+R9Y2puuRa3vOuvxIzP2uo9C2Py20dpXWmtu3NuWfX/vmvRBn3P4389uyXjYYrsJhFmEdPlxTdiY7ZOQJcnmnIs3Q002bbEWCXDevkbc/5uP0f83C6pt2KTq1qg17sa2z0Ao2srl+4CFeoW2DobVHpKQg12o1ZfXR70lT7ZPd3/1B/vPVVyIisvLmC8nI3O6Nf5Tx0sHw/QLURSbPyQ7mwcrdBLm053T9SrXbk9UmO5gUme7p5TXSpiB0AdcBOM+0S68nO0w8ekKOP/Z9glzNhFiwkS6mY6yQXyjbYijtsJXSKj0a99/Hn0tCnMjeRva3X/5cvvzgwzJeNihZB0LaIcQ39VFkRE5LG7LXzJMcTN1MxxSZ7un2NbL6Y5+l6uuba9pFt8+8TMpnX3yWu715+4t4hFqw4adrgO9yTIjboLfJQb9+mlJatrG6JE21T+6+dqWMp++LkD8UlMc17WJOyer7Oet0uFEfgPAMarsMvR4MZZAL/UNBOXzTLmlnl6VdIBT1RH0AwlX19hlDPah8avXjH/9Evvzgw7b7qxTDh4L+y5p22dnekrnjx9vOnJ09c57RuCFEjQDCVtU2GkstGKqTHWL5UAAMBjUCiEPZ22pMtaC0lm6sLgVz+RE9ygIAaagTQBzK3FZjqwN9ba0dmEK4IHBsHwgAAMhWxv49xszQlxb3OuJV1ohZjB8IAADIp5/7+VgzQ0+t7ncA6+fzxfqBAEX41vZVSsmJp+YGcnHUEEbkbeb75FqLlwvJAvHpx/4+5sygRLrfCZR9zJnr+SnAgF/aNjyI6+GFukSfbzUT6ggQt15nBWOWGeTsnUCVHTYDHQUY8POtJLKzvZW5WHi/hXrWukhnrdPXCaSOAPErkk9iD3EiVpALYSfgbKRSFGAgRUjbcMhL9Nl1RC9tRx0B6iG0Ey6rEEWQE6EAIz7mqHbZskbV7bVlyxTyyi5mrXv5ldlkxsG1Xi5QN3ZdqLNQD+8oQ66p1Sp3Aj4hFmDf+8WNW9at33zb8IEjU3J9bb3S7263Qa7K992sI1s728nSbFeXVwYe5Ab9neTGrS5CPryjDKlBzrcTGISQCzDgUmWBtEfV9Wi6UtWvFxvyEn32+3T71qaMNRoyOjIuByf2U0dQa3UNbraQD+8og3NqdZA7AR8KMODnOjxCbyNKKef6smUJ+dew633S6/AqpagjQA2EfHhHGbzHyA1qJ+BDAQb8fMe56m2k6u0jpCX6TK73yXdGPIA4EeQC2Am4UIABP982rE8GUqr6Y11DPGPM9z5trC5RR4CaCPnwjjKkBrlB7gRsFGAAAJAl5MM7ylDfox0BAMBQ0SdxhHp4Rz/YJ6oQ5AAAQNRcZ+KGeHhHL3xnG0cb5Op86jSAwaG2AHHpdZuN4XIsae0Lu+UpQn/TAcSJ2gLEod8BLNRAl9Wm8FqcU4hvNoB6oL4A4So7cIUS6PK2Y/AtLSiENxlAPVFfgDBVuW0Osg5089rRVisKLYAyUWOAcAxqlKzq1y3yetFWKoosgDJRY4AwhLAtVhHoij7/4N+dgkL4YAHUG3UGGJxQjlUzldWeXp43rHeoC6F9uADqhzoDVC/EAGfqZ/v68VzhvlMZQv6QAdQHtQYoxlwP3b6deGrOuaxmTNubK4SZfV5a+TS5Xy95WsZyovG8Yw4xfeAA4kSdAYpJC3JKKTk8eUqarZaIhD8Kl8Zsu9lnM7QR5Dxi/dABxIVaA3RPhxo7vOxsbznvj51SqiO8Lly4JiIEOS+KK4AqUGuA7g1bkBPpHIUcHRmXGze/IMj5UFwBVIV6A3Qna2p1emZ+0E3sOzO8vvzKbDKFvHt3lyDnQmEFACBMviB34MiUXF9bH3TzSmEGua2dbTl57JAopeTq8gpBzoUgBwBAmOypVT2lah47Vjd2n2/f2pSxRkNGR8bl4MR+gpyNIAcAQJhcx8jpYGNfnqMuXH1+/+JLyWgkQc5CkAMAIEy+kx10sKnzyQ5m33yXJOmXqJMQQQ4AgDD5gpw+g7OOJzz4+ryxukSQAwAAQDuCHAAAQKQIcgAAAJEiyAEAAJSgimP5CXIAAAAlIMgBAABEiiAHAAAQKYIcAABApAhyAAAAkSLIAQAARIogBwAAECmCHAAAQKQIcgAAAJEiyAEAAESKIAcAABApghwAAECkCHIAAACRIsgBAABEiiAHAAAQKYIcAABApAhyAAAA8CLIAQAARIogBwAAEKn/AwD3WOYGOKZvAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Example
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen do not affect the reaction.
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)
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)
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TmMQITQCEC8xiBCQCRCEwAiERgAkAkAhMAIv0fTNWDccU0RBgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
Addition of a hydride nucleophile to the carbonyl carbon of the amide produces a tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate. A Lewis acid-base interaction occurs between the alkoxide (Lewis Base) and AlH3 (Lewis acid) forming a complex with an O-Al bond. The nitrogen lone pair forms a double bond with the previous carbonyl carbon ejecting a metal oxide species (e.g. [H3Al–O]2–) as a leaving group, and while forming an iminium double bond. Addition of a second equivalent of hydride nucleophile to the iminium carbon produces an amine.
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1) Nucleophilic attack by the hydride
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAkEAAADZCAYAAAAnruSqAAAbEklEQVR4nO3dz2tdx93H8UtJUSxKjXlIiGl2UWkXyV/QjUzjhY3axgQCAi+elGTz7J6Q1OCCFnWhzSrCCEE2duMHHKVk00BtZMhTRFxQJENbI1PZpti1m01iNzeEotvVtwsxV3PnzJxf9/yYH+9XuBDfX2fOueec+WjOnJmBAAAAJGjQdwEAAAD6QAgCAABJIgQBAIAkEYIAAECSCEEAACBJhCAAAJAkQlACBgN+ZgAATNSOAaoSagaDwfgBAAAOUDMGpk6oIQABAJBF7RggQg0AANOjNgUAAEkiBAEAgCQRggI3Gu3J7377G5k/9p1xX6Fnj83L1etbsjca9V08AAC8RQgK2Gi0J2+8/OJEZ2n9cfzUm84gRL8iAEDqqAk9VhRU1tdWZDAYyOzMnFy9vjV+/tPrV+S5Q4dkMBjI6uVr1u/ltnkAQOqoBT2WF1KGw0dy4qmnZTAYyMbWrczrO9sbMhgM5OiRk/J4OKz03QAApICaMFBFIUeFpNmZObl972EPJQQAwG+EoECpEOTq96P3F7K1FAEAkDpCUKAIQQAATIcQFCguhwEAMB1CUKD0jtG2O8DUnWOukAQAQOoIQQFbXlqsdYs8AAAgBAWt7mCJrvdz2zwAICXUeoFzTZvx3gcfFU6bQQgCAKSMWi9xBCAAQKqo+UAQAgAkiVoPInIwjQZBCACQCmq8CNiCyzRhhiAEAEgBtV0Emg5BTXweAADfUdNFgBAEAEB11HQRIAQBAFAdNV0ECEEAAFRHTReBNkJQU98BAICvqOUiQAgCAKA6arkIEIIAAKiOWi4ChCAAAKqjlosAHaMBAKiOmi4ChCAAAKqjposAIQgAgOqo6SLA3GEAAFRHbReBJkMQAQgAkApqvAg0FYIIQACAlOTWestLizIYDGT18rWpFzQcPpITTz0tG1u3ct+3s70hszNzcvvew6mXmYomQhABCPBX0fFZ9fhdX1uRwWAwfjRxjgdC5DxyHtzflfln5uWtM6/J0SMn5fFw2EmBCEHV1Q1B+kkQgJ+KjlOOY6A+51GzvrYiR4+clBs3N+W5Q4cKW3CaQgiqrkoI4oQJhKfpliAA+6xHzmi0J2+8/KKcPnt+4v+VB/d35blDh+TDjz+WE089PdGkql5Tz6nw5LocpjfLzs7MyYWLqxMhiGbbYm2NGA0AQMysNaXZGrO+tjLxbxV0bGFFv3SmWpMeD4fWELS8tDjx/p3tjXEYun3voXO5BKFJhCAAAKqz1pTLS4ty/NSbsjcaichBK44KH7YwkvfcxtatTAjSXzOXPTszJ5s3b0wsU9nZ3ui0j1IICEEAAFSXqSldrS16q40twBQ9Z4YgV5hRrVCX3n/X2jfIFZ5SRggCAKC6TE1p9sExHxtbtxoJQfqlMp0egorKgX2EIAAAqpuoKW2doBUVYk6fPd9rSxCyCEFA/EajPfndb38j88e+M/5j8Nlj83L1+ta460IRzgvApIkjouj2dNVR+crGlalDkOuyllqG6hNEiw+A2BWFE/UHqqtlXO/DmbcMhscAJk0cDWaHaJMKLm/96ldThyCR7F1nRXeHqTLSQpR1d/MTufOTU7I3eHL/8cTz8vjnv5Z//v2zvosGIEeZcKK6KczOzMnV61vj5z+9fmU8JEmZu2YJQMCk8RFRtsOxCiH/9c1vTh2CRKqPE8SdYVlbvzxzEH7MxxPPy5e3/9Z3EQHkyAsn6tzp6gup/njk3AhUx58FgdvZ3hiHnUd/+OP4+bubn8hn3/iW7A2elH+/9DP519df91hKAHUVhRwVkmghB6ojBAVsNNqT7YUfyN7gSfnq4pXM61uX3uGSGBA4FYJcXRX0/kL0oQSqIQQF7MH93f3WHi55AdEiBAHtIQQFTIWg0bcX5Osvvui7OABawOUwoD2EoIARgopxNwxCp3eMtt0BZpu3EUA51BAB43KYG+OhICRF++ry0iK3yAMt4IgIWFHH6J3tDfn8pZ/K53fu9FC6fhB+EJoy4wQxWCJ8FMPwDRwNgVInsq1L73CLvBB+ELYy+65r2oz3PviIaTPQC0IQOmer7FMfLJETOwB0jxCEzhS1dNzd/ET++sPvFU6bEVOLSUzrAgChIQShE21U9CEHiJDLDjSFYwB9IwShVV1U9k0so+jzTa0D4Qc4wLGAvukhKO9BCEIlfVT2dZdXdMdJU3ekcMIHJnFMoG+EIDSq75aOustvsyWo720C+Irj4gDboh9cDkNjfDqIfQgePpQB8BnHxz62Q38IQZhak5V90yeDvoIIJzWgGMcJ26BvhCDU1nT4aTOwdHWiofUHKC/1YyX19fcBIQi1NHnwdjUUftshixMaUE3Kx0zK6+4TQlCCinrDP3tsfmKCQ11brT9dhgjbsvRtcvrs+cxn1OSP5muEH6C+VI+dVNcb7WBvqqjsLYF6Ko6xFUVfrrlNzL8IXCEIQH0phoEU1xntYo+qKK/5T5/pucysztNSJ4S+b6s3Q5DZ9EkIApqXWiBIbX1DFdrvFFZpPVD2GmiXIahvttax1cvXxq8TgoDm+XL8dyGldQ1daL9VWKX1QNmWoLYrfJ92NH2bnDt3TgaDgczOzMntew9FhBAEtMGnc0CbUlnPWIT2e4VVWg+U6ROkB4C2+LSj6dvk6vWtzCVBQhDQPJ/OAW1JYR1jE9pvFlZpPZAXgmZn5uS9Dz5K5jKYYraOPbi/K88dOjT+NyEIaJ5v54Gmxb5+sQrtdwurtB6wXQ779PqVcRD6xdsXkg9BIgeXwI4eOSmvvt7NJUIgJb6dB5oW+/rFKrTfLazSesDVJ2h9bcXaKbhpPu5gtm1iazEjBAHN8fFc0JSY1y12of12YZXWA64QpHeKbrNPkI87mGubqDvlCEFA83w8FzQh1vVKRWi/X1il9UDe3WF6X5i2bpH3cQcrEwwJQUCzfDkXlClH2bL6sk6oL7TfMKzSeqDsOEFtXRbzcQcrGwwJQUBzfDgX6C2907xHvQ/hC+13DKu0CG4HA9AOX84FTbQE+bIumF5ov2VYpUVwOxiAdsRyLohlPbAvtN8zrNImLrSdC0B7YjgfxLAOmBTabxpWaRMX2s5lE8M6AD4I/VgKvfywC+13Dau0iQtt57KJYR0ATIfzQLxC+23DKm3iQtu5XGJZD8SjaE7AZ4/Ny9XrW30XU0RE7m5+Ind+ckr2Bk/uP554Xh7//Nfyz79/1luZ9O1nuwuUqXPSEdr5PazSJq6NnWs4fCQ/ku/KYTks1x7+JfP6n/+xLoflsHxffiyPh8NGlhnaQYLmlL1dumtlJkZ2DYvRpa1fnjkIP+bjiefly9t/66Vc5vYztxMhKB2+HdtFwipt4mIJQSLhHShVFVWmPCYffcsb60of9LOtQVDL2NneGIedR3/44/j5u5ufyGff+JbsDZ6Uf7/0M/nX1193XjYzBB09cnLifEEISocPx3MVYZUWje9ghKD29B0sQn30oewgqH2FoNFoT7YXfiB7gyflq4tXMq9vXXqn10titpY0fbBYQlA6Qju3h1VaRBOCRMI7WDA9HwKPTdmWoL4q8Qf3d/dbe3q85JVH337nzp2TwWByDsWYQtCD+7sy/8x8a/NDhs6n47qMsEqLqEKQSHgHDOJUpk9QmxMjF1EhaPTtBfn6iy96KUMefftdvb6VuXxICEpHaOf0sEqLVkNQ3n+EIMQsLwTNzszJex98lLkM1uUlwjohqMvymS1p+pyBG1u3CEEJCe2cHlZpEV0IEgnvoEF8bJfDPr1+ZVzJ/+LtC711iBYJ63KY2n4q+Bw9clJefb3fy4nT0kOd7dH3XYM+Ce18HlZpEd3lMJHwDhrEx9UnaH1txdrRt2tFHaN3tjfk85d+Kp/fudND6ezbz9a6FmoI0tESlC+083lYpYWINLuT+RCCRMI7cBAXVwjSO0X32SdIZP8OsBBukde3n7qrjhAEX1HzBIgQBDQr7+4w/VJIn+MEiYQxWKIrRBKC4qMfG+bYUOZ7XK/3jZonUE2FBl9CkAhBCP0pO05Q35fFRPZbfv76w+95O21GXoiMIQThgH652HXsEILQihhDkAhBCABCoFr5Zmfm5K0zrzlDLiEIrYkxMMS4TgAQGxVujp96U3Zv/8kZdAhBaE2sgSHW9QKwj2M8fOpS2Omz5yf6frkuhxKC0Io2TiZ9n6D6Xj4QgtCPk9DLnzJb6NFDkY4QhNY1fTLx4eTkQxkAn8VwjMSwDimyBRtX2CEEoXUxhiARf8oB+CiW4yOW9UiJeVdY3gjahCB0oskTiS8nJV/KAfgopuMjpnWJnTn2k+2hXxIjBKEzTZ1IfDoh+VQWwCexHRuxrU+sVKixjaCuxtMqc5nMF+x1kWniROLTycinsgA+ifHYiHGdYqMuhdlGT7cNmkkIQuemPZH4diLyrTyAD2I9LmJdrxjol8JcI6cvLy1OXBIjBKEX05xIfDsJ+VYewAcxHxcxrxv8wp4WMdVJrc7nfONjmYA+xX5MxL5+oWlrTLq+f2f2sgRU3dH63ikBFEvhOE1hHX3XRVDpMwyxhyWk7I7GiQfwXyrHaSrr6Zs+gkkvy+x0afCCPp6D63UAfkvpOE1pXX3Q9/buMgyxZyGj7wMAQLHUjtPU1rcPPvTR0XVyKa7Vb49IUetJTMquY0rbBPBNisddiuvcBd/P422Wz9+19oRt4/u+w0yraN1S3CaAb1I93lJd77aEtD3z6hnbQI0622jWIoSgXLaNrT8X0s5TRd56lQlIANqX8rGW8ro3JeQ/XG1lJwS1gBBU7bUyrwNoRurHWurrX7vSDzj8mPR1IQQ1rOydU7HsTLpp7xqLcZsAvuE4S3sb1K30YzQYDAhBTTNbfMyH7X2xIAQB/uM425fqdiAETSIENYyWoPznbcFQvR7jNgF8w3F2IMVtQQiapG+PvAchqAL6BFV7rczrAJrBsZY2QtAkQpCmaOdQHtzflecOHXLuJKlW+IQgwH8ca2mrW+nHisthmqZCkEiaY+KUCTqpbRPANxxvaSMETSIEacqGoCpsnaJjVaUDdCrbBPANx13auBw2iRCkabIlCAB8RAhKGyFoEiFI41MI8n1HVdvAVYY+g6Lv2w7oynD4SH4k35XDcliuPfxL5vU//2NdDsth+b78mGMhEZwfJxGCNISg8tbXViYua5llJAQB/SMEwcT5sRmEoIRD0Gi0J2+8/KLMzszJW2dek8FgIKfPnp94DyEI6B8hCCbOj80gBCUcgtT6Hz/1puze/pN1WxCCgP4RgoB2EIISDkHqUtjps+fHrUJmOQlBQP8IQUA7CEEdhiCfxnKwhR49FCm+hCCfth3QNT0E5f1HCAKqiT4EuR6rl695G4KK3jvtQ8Qebso+10UZ1YMQBBCCgLYQghK9HGbeFWY+VFl9aQnyadsBXeNyGNCOKEOQT3ysyPVLYa6HuiRGCAL6RwgC2kEIapmPFbkKNrMzc3L73sPc8hCCgP4RgoB2EIJa5mNFri6FHT/1puyNRrnlJQQB/SMEAe0gBLXMt4pcvxS2evma9T3LS4vjS2KEIKB/hCCgHYQgAACQJEIQAABIEiEIAAAkiRCEDDWgIgAAMaO2QwYhCACQAmo7ZBCCAAApoLZDBiEIAJACajtkEIIAACmgtkMGIQgAkAJqO2QQggAAKaC2QwYhCACQAmo7ZBCCAAApoLZDBiEIAJACajtkEIKAYsPhIznx1NMyGAycj6NHTpae1X1ne0M2tm41Vq4mvstmZ3tDZmfm5Pa9h7U+33b5gCqo7ZBBCAKqe3B/V+afma8VDpoMBoQgoDxqO2QQgoDqCEHlEILgE2o7ZBCCgOrKhKD1tZWJy2Wrl6/Jg/u78tyhQ+Pnjp96U/ZGIxkOH8krL5yQCxdXM5fWlpcWJ75HDxQqZKxevDjxvbbQYStP3ntmZ+bkwsVVmZ2Zk82bN6YqHyEIPqC2QwYhCKiuKAStr61MtKCo8LN6+Zo1GKjnVChSlpcW5fTZ887vVZ/TnzPfU1QefVl6uNnZ3hiHoc2bN6YqHyGoGyqQ2gJuF7+F7783tR0yCEFAdXkhaNw6Y1REO9sbcvTISbn78K4zBOmfUa1D+jJUeFGftX2uzHv08jweDjOfUZaXFidCUN3y+VopxkTtk2+dec3aSZ/fghAEC0IQUF1eCHL1o1EB4cOPP3aGoLwKSrXM6Jec8lqV1HNF5dnYujURiGzrokJQE+VDO9bXVuTokZNy4+amNdDyWxCCYEEIAqorCkF5t9JXCUF6Hx1bBVc2BOWVZ2Pr1rgCrRqC6pQPzRuN9uSNl1+U02fPT/y/Tv8tyuw3ZmjP69vm+r3Vv83vqLL/1imHC7UdMghBQHV1WoKUMid+tQzzL/oyl5vKtgSZZa4aguqWD80zf2Nbv7C6Icj8XrNjvB6gXSHIVba2yuFCbYcMQhBQXZk+Qa6Kv2wIsgUT1apTJQSVCSKuPkGqwrKFoLrlQ/OWlxYnOq27+pjVCUG2/mauPmiufa/s+5sqhwu1HTIIQUB1Ve8OEynuZFzU0qKPWq0+WzZQ5ZXH1XpguzusifKhWbZAIJK9269uCKrS+lcmgHdRDhdqO2QQgoDq6owTZBtbRx8nqKjPjQooengpG4KKyuNanj5OUFPlQ7PM39XW50uEECRCCIIFIQgAwuTqBC1yECbUa4QgQhAsCEEAEKaiTu+uTshlxpfqMgQ1XQ4XajtkEIIAIExmh2iTa6Ry1YKkPqv+rV8+6yIEtVUOF2q7xOkdF207iuoIWXSbIQCgX2UqfZGDDtLmSOV6fWAbv6qLENRWOVwIQYkjBAEAUkUIShwhCACQKkJQ4ghBQHPKztjtmsC0SWXnHisaORqIGSEocYQgoBlVZuzuIgSVQQhC6ghBiTM7oLkehCAgX5UZuwlBgB8IQYkjBAHTqztjtx6C1Ci/+nPmbO/m+21TIORNT+Ea/VkPQeZow30HNaBNhKDEcTkMmF7dGbtVwFDBw5yM1DbFgQpXKmzp32GbMFN93pw3Sp8HzFVu1xxU8FfeiNEixeMIlZXXilh2ahQfWiIJQYkjBAHTqztj9+rla5mwI5INOIpZaahZ2+8+vCuvvHDCGbpc46XY5vSyLZPjPxw+hKAuv2NahKDEEYKA6UwzY/fCwoL1kpMrtNieV3ek5V1+cwUZvRJyVUhlB+CDHwhB1RCCEkcIAqYzzYzdszNz8vv//31m9nlX8LBdZrC1JJnvNfsP6Z/VQ1CZ9YDfqoag5aXFzHvX11asz9n6k23evCGvvHBCLlxcHdcV5kjURd/RZ580QlDiCEFAfdPO2K1O8GbFVLYlSC3/3LlzmWO0qZYghKVqCDL3DfV5s7XR1Z9s8+YNOfHU07n90Yq+o88+aYQgAKipqRm7XeGmqE+Q6gz95VdfZt5fpk+Qq3wIlz7hqOuRF1jUeFdmEHH1J1MhyLXvlfmOPvukEYIAoKa6M3bbTviuv5Rdd4eZFY1ZWZivm39ll/lLXJWLFqJw1OkTpF8SM+8yLGpFVCEob0JUn/ukEYIAoIZpZuzOu3tMr7zyxgkyKzOz8mtqnCAuhYelTgjSQ8ry0mLueFT6Z8qGIJ/7pBGCAACIRJ0QNBw+kldeODHu5KyH4r5bgtpGCAIAIBJ1QpD6zMLCQua1ov5kZUKQz33SCEEAAESi7jhBtmlb9Ndc/cnKhKCi7+izTxohCACASNQNQeZdYaa8cYLKhKC87+izTxohCACAxD24vyuvv3pu6pGkQ0MIAgAgcetrK0lOlEsIAoCa6t7RsrO9EdyghPq61u3EGuJ6x051Wm5iPrEQEYIAoKY6ISjUkZmnvYU51PVG3AhBAFATIai8UNcbcSMEAUBNtmCgKvsPP/54PDmxGvFWXXqwzeEk4p5BWw1mp8/U/Xg4HH+fuazVy9cyy8q7U8d2a3TenTyuQLO8tGgd5TdvvbueNRzQEYIAoKa8EOQa/yTv9mHXDNrqM66B7MxlmbcWm9MWFM3WXTTjt2uWcP22bHMZZcaO6WLWcEBHCAKAmvJCkF6R6yPm2sJA0Qzaat4x83VbaMh7zjVvmb6sGzc3S8/4rU/uak63YI4SbPtMH7OGAzpCEADUlBeCXIPH2V4vmkFbXe4yg4ltOoKi54qW9fY7bxfO81TUv0efDNMVgvqaNRzQEYIAoKYmQ1DeDNpNh6C8Zf3P//53rRCk9+2xtSjZQlAfs4YDuuRCkGvIcMV2oJYZDjzvO/qgOijarq13UT4ftoFL3WHlqyi6k6bs9ulrZmWU03ZLUN53ijTbEqSXpWoIKlOOsi1BQJcIQTmKTma+UnPAvHXmNevJLIR1aJMPIajr70E7mgpBRcdkkyGoaFl1Zvy2BSfV0lPUJyjV8xD8QAjKEWoIUneCuDo4hrAObSIEoSnThCDbLemuGbRtk1SK1AtBRcu6fe9h4YzfRS1B6nXzNn9zvfuYNRzQEYIM6kB99/L/Wce1GB/IFy86x+Co+lffNGN9mPQK3lXZd1E+1199trFTbO9vcztVCUHmbb8i+ydu23N5Y6qYY7you32qzrLMmCp+qROCRA4uVxeNE6RaV5psCSpalu31MuMEme+/fe9hJtDY1rvrWcMBHSHIUDYguMYAqfIdZuVedawPG/OkbPtLq4vyuUJQlbFT2tpOVUKQ2cyvPmuOj1JmTBV9v3ONs5L3PYypAgDNIgQZygYE1xgcVb7DrNyrjPVRdv1s5e2ifGXGBCk7dkrT20kFmbw7U8yWP70M88/MZ4JImTFVXL9Bme9Rl0MYUwUAmkMIMtTpwJjX4a9K5V6nSVvnahkwWxi6KF+ZTpB9baeqfYL0S2LraysTr9W5k8a2bkXfc+n9dxlTBQAaRggyhByCzGvrrnE3CEHVQpAeUJaXFjMdO5sIQUXfc+n9dxlTBQAaRggyhBqC8ip2tTz1GiGoWghSHZs3b97ITA3Qd0sQAKA+QpChrRCU12elicq96FZqVyfktspXNwS1vZ1Eqocg9f6FhQXnBJbmsup2+nZ9j+sWaQBAfYQgQ1HFXDUEqQpULVPvlNtk5V60XrYZqdssX9UQ1NV2Eqk3TpC61Gi7E6vqmCqu7VH0PYypAgDNSjIEufpVmAFBf7/rbiGR4pFQ1b9d8wBNW7mX7RyrOkibY9S0Ub6qIaiL7aTUCUHmXWGmqmOquMZ9qTpOEHeGAUB9yYUgoI4H93fl9VfPTTWKNADAL4QgoIT1tRUGJQSAyBCCgBzq0tq0c4kBAPxDCAIAAEkiBAEAgCQRggAAQJL+AyWP2eVhu3ZMAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
2) Complex formation
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
3) Leaving group removal
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
4) Nucleophilic attach by the hydride
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)
How could the following molecule be synthesized using an aminolysis of an acid chloride?
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- Answer
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One of the preferred methods for making amines is through a nucleophilic acyl substitution using an acid chloride and amine to form an amide. The amide is then reduced to the amine during a hydride reduction with LiAlH4.
In the first step of retrosynthetic analysis, one of the carbons alpha to the amine nitrogen is converted to a carbonyl thus creating an amide intermediate. The key bond formed during this pathway is the C-N sigma bond between the carbonyl carbon and the nitrogen created during amide formation. Breaking this bond separated the target molecule into the two starting materials for the pathway. The carbonyl carbon gains a –Cl to become an acid chloride and the nitrogen fragment gains an H to become a 1o amine. In the forward reaction pathway, the acid chloride and the 1o amine are linked to from an amide in the first step of the reaction. Subsequent hydride reduction of the amide using LiAlH4 produces the amine target molecule.
The target molecule has two alpha carbons which could possibly be converted to a carbonyl. This allows there to be two possible synthetic pathways.
Pathway 1
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Solution 1
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Pathway 2
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Solution 2
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
1) How would you prepare the following compounds from N-Propypl benzamide?
(a)
(b)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(c)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
2) Propose a synthesis pathway for the following conversion:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- Answer
-
1) (a) NaOH, H2O
(b) NaOH, H2O, then LiAlH4
(c) LiAlH4
2)
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