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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/17%3A_Alcohols_and_Phenols/17.02%3A_Naming_Alcohols_and_PhenolsAlcohols can be classified as primary (1 o ), secondary (2 o ), or tertiary (3 o ) depending on the number of alkyl substituents attached to the carbon bonded to the O-H group. As discussed in Section...Alcohols can be classified as primary (1 o ), secondary (2 o ), or tertiary (3 o ) depending on the number of alkyl substituents attached to the carbon bonded to the O-H group. As discussed in Section 3-3, the common system names alcohols as if the hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to a single substituent with the word alcohol added at the end (Name of the substituent + Alcohol).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.10%3A_Orientation_of_Electrophilic_Additions_-_Markovnikov's_RuleThis page looks at the reaction of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes such as ethene with hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide. Symmetrical alkenes (like ethene or but...This page looks at the reaction of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes such as ethene with hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide. Symmetrical alkenes (like ethene or but-2-ene) are dealt with first. These are alkenes where identical groups are attached to each end of the carbon-carbon double bond.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Alberta_Augustana_Campus/AUCHE_250%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I/06%3A_Substitutions/6.02%3A_Characteristics_of_the_SN2_ReactionIf each of the three substituents were hydrogen atoms, as illustrated in the first example below, there would be little steric repulsion created in the planar portion of the transition state thereby i...If each of the three substituents were hydrogen atoms, as illustrated in the first example below, there would be little steric repulsion created in the planar portion of the transition state thereby increasing the ease at which the nucleophilic substitution reaction occurs. As Size Increases, Basicity Decreases: In general, if we move from the top of the periodic table to the bottom of the periodic table as shown in the diagram below, the size of an atom will increase.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_II_(Morsch_et_al.)/17%3A_Alcohols_and_Phenols/17.07%3A_Oxidation_of_AlcoholsSecondly, a proton on the (now positive) OH is transferred to one of the oxygens of the chromium, possibly through the intermediacy of the pyridinium salt. The next step is a concerted E2-like reactio...Secondly, a proton on the (now positive) OH is transferred to one of the oxygens of the chromium, possibly through the intermediacy of the pyridinium salt. The next step is a concerted E2-like reaction where a hydrogen is removed from the alcohol, the C=O bond is formed, an acetate group is eliminated from the iodine atom, and the iodine (V) atom gains two electrons to be reduced to iodine (III).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_III_(Morsch_et_al.)/25%3A_Carbohydrates/25.10%3A_Other_Important_CarbohydratesIt is a characteristic component of the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans (e.g., crabs, lobsters and shrimps) and insects, the radulae of molluscs, and the beaks ...It is a characteristic component of the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans (e.g., crabs, lobsters and shrimps) and insects, the radulae of molluscs, and the beaks and internal shells of cephalopods, including squid and octopuses and on the scales and other soft tissues of fish and lissamphibians.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Morsch_et_al.)/11%3A_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides-_Nucleophilic_Substitutions_and_Eliminations/11.03%3A_Characteristics_of_the_SN2_ReactionIf each of the three substituents were hydrogen atoms, as illustrated in the first example below, there would be little steric repulsion created in the planar portion of the transition state thereby i...If each of the three substituents were hydrogen atoms, as illustrated in the first example below, there would be little steric repulsion created in the planar portion of the transition state thereby increasing the ease at which the nucleophilic substitution reaction occurs. As Size Increases, Basicity Decreases: In general, if we move from the top of the periodic table to the bottom of the periodic table as shown in the diagram below, the size of an atom will increase.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Morsch_et_al.)/02%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds_Acids_and_Bases/2.09%3A_Organic_Acids_and_Organic_BasesIn the absence of pKa values, the relative strength of an organic acid can be predicted based on the stability of the conjugate base that it forms. The acid that forms the more stable conjugate base ...In the absence of pKa values, the relative strength of an organic acid can be predicted based on the stability of the conjugate base that it forms. The acid that forms the more stable conjugate base will be the stronger acid. The common factors that affect the conjugate base's stability are 1) the size and electronegativity of the the atom that has lost the proton, 2) resonance effects, 3) inductive effects, and 4) solvation effects.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/CHM_222_Chemistry_II%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(2025)/13%3A_Stereochemistry_at_Tetrahedral_Centers/13.03%3A_The_Reason_for_Handedness_in_Molecules_-_Chirality2) Though the molecule does not contain a chiral carbon, it is chiral as it is non-superimposable on its mirror image due to its twisted nature (the twist comes from the structure of the double bonds ...2) Though the molecule does not contain a chiral carbon, it is chiral as it is non-superimposable on its mirror image due to its twisted nature (the twist comes from the structure of the double bonds needing to be at 90° angles to each other, preventing the molecule from being planar).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Band_StructureBand Theory was developed with some help from the knowledge gained during the quantum revolution in science. In 1928, Felix Bloch had the idea to take the quantum theory and apply it to solids. In 192...Band Theory was developed with some help from the knowledge gained during the quantum revolution in science. In 1928, Felix Bloch had the idea to take the quantum theory and apply it to solids. In 1927, Walter Heitler and Fritz London discovered bands- very closely spaced orbitals with not much difference in energy.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/CHM_223_Chemistry_III%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(2024)/02%3A_Reactions_of_Alkyl_Halides-_Nucleophilic_Substitutions_and_Eliminations/2.05%3A_The_SN1_ReactionIn the S N 1 reaction, the bond between the substrate and the leaving group is broken when the leaving group departs with the pair of electrons that formerly composed the bond. A potential energy diag...In the S N 1 reaction, the bond between the substrate and the leaving group is broken when the leaving group departs with the pair of electrons that formerly composed the bond. A potential energy diagram for an S N 1 reaction shows that the carbocation intermediate can be visualized as a kind of valley in the path of the reaction, higher in energy than both the reactant and product but lower in energy than the two transition states.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_(Morsch_et_al.)/06%3A_An_Overview_of_Organic_Reactions/6.05%3A_An_Example_of_a_Polar_Reaction_-_Addition_of_HBr_to_EthyleneThis page looks at the reaction of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes such as ethene with hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide. Symmetrical alkenes (like ethene or but...This page looks at the reaction of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes such as ethene with hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide. Symmetrical alkenes (like ethene or but-2-ene) are dealt with first. These are alkenes where identical groups are attached to each end of the carbon-carbon double bond.
