13: Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds
- Page ID
- 86271
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 13.1: Alkenes and Alkynes
- This page discusses the distinctions between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, emphasizing alkenes (double bonds) and alkynes (triple bonds). It covers their geometry, properties, and industrial applications, such as ethylene in polyethylene production and acetylene in cutting tools. Additionally, it notes that alkynes exhibit similar chemical behaviors to alkenes but are identified with a different naming suffix.
- 13.2: Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
- This page provides guidelines for naming alkenes and alkynes per IUPAC rules, emphasizing the identification of the longest carbon chain with double or triple bonds and proper numbering for lowest bond positions. It addresses cycloalkenes with the 'cyclo-' prefix and includes exercises on naming compounds, hybridization, and bond angles.
- 13.3: The Structure of Alkenes- Cis-Trans Isomerism
- This page covers cis-trans isomerism in alkenes, emphasizing the rigidity from double bonds that restricts rotation and facilitates unique geometric forms. It details the classification of alkenes as cis or trans according to substituent positioning, requiring restricted rotation and two distinct groups on each carbon of the double bond. The page also includes identification methods for these isomers and introduces advanced E/Z nomenclature for more complex compounds.
- 13.4: Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes
- This page details the physical properties of alkenes, highlighting their boiling point trends and solubility in organic solvents. It discusses the significance of ethylene in fruit ripening and food processing, along with natural alkenes like 1-octene. The page also emphasizes the role of polyenes, such as lycopene and carotenes, in the coloration of fruits and vegetables.
- 13.5: Types of Organic Reactions
- This page highlights the importance of publishing educational maps even if they are incomplete, rather than postponing the project. It recognizes that some content is still missing but assures that efforts are underway to finalize it.
- 13.6: Addition Reactions of Alkenes
- This page covers the addition reactions of alkenes, detailing their significance and impact on molecular structure. It explains hydrogenation, which turns alkenes into alkanes; halogenation, a method to test for alkenes via color change in bromine; and hydration, which produces alcohols with the help of a strong acid catalyst. The page includes examples and exercises for practice.
- 13.7: Alkene Polymers
- This page details addition polymerization, where monomers like ethylene join to create polymers with distinct properties. It differentiates between monomers and polymers, lists common addition polymers along with their applications in everyday materials such as plastics and natural substances, and emphasizes the prevalence of synthetic polymers in the chemical industry.
- 13.8: Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene
- This page provides an overview of benzene (C6H6), an aromatic hydrocarbon known for its unique bonding and structure, which sets it apart from alkenes. Despite its unsaturation, benzene is less reactive and does not participate in typical addition reactions.
- 13.9: Naming Aromatic Compounds
- This page covers aromatic compounds, particularly those with benzene rings, including their identification, naming, and formula writing. It provides examples like aniline and benzoic acid, explains IUPAC naming conventions with positional descriptors, and introduces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their associated health risks. Additionally, it notes the importance of certain benzene-containing compounds in biological functions in animals and plants.
- 13.10: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
- This page outlines the map-building process for educational content, highlighting the importance of publishing completed sections rather than waiting for the entire map to be finished. It notes the current incompleteness of the map, indicating some missing pages, but assures readers that efforts to complete the project are ongoing.