3: Matter and Energy
- Page ID
- 47417
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- 3.1: In Your Room
- This page defines matter as any substance with mass that occupies space, analyzing it at macroscopic and microscopic scales. The macroscopic scale includes visible objects with simple descriptions, while the microscopic scale involves more complex descriptions of atoms and subatomic particles. It clarifies the distinction between matter as a physical substance and mass as a quantitative property of matter.
- 3.2: What is Matter?
- This page discusses matter, defining it as anything with mass and volume, composed of atoms. It notes the historical challenges in proving gases, like air, are matter due to their invisibility. Advances in measurement techniques for gases are mentioned. The page also explains that matter forms through molecules, which are groups of bonded atoms, highlighting the variety of substances and their chemical properties.
- 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State—Solid, Liquid, and Gas
- This page explains the three classical states of matter—solid, liquid, and gas—highlighting their unique properties. Solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a definite volume but adapt their shape to containers, and gases lack both definite shape and volume. It discusses how temperature and intermolecular interactions enable transitions between these states, and mentions plasma as a fourth state of matter.
- 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition
- This page explains the classification of matter into pure substances, which have consistent composition and properties, and mixtures, which retain distinct properties of their components. It defines pure substances as elements and compounds, while mixtures are categorized as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Additionally, the page covers the concept of phases and includes exercises for classifying different substances.
- 3.5: Differences in Matter- Physical and Chemical Properties
- This page explains the difference between physical and chemical properties of matter. Physical properties, including color, density, and hardness, can be observed without changing the substance, while chemical properties indicate a substance's potential to undergo reactions, such as rusting or flammability. It highlights that pure substances display consistent physical and chemical properties, offering examples to illustrate their significance in identifying and comprehending matter.
- 3.6: Changes in Matter - Physical and Chemical Changes
- This page explores the classification of matter changes into physical and chemical categories. Physical changes leave substances' identities intact, while chemical changes create new substances. Key indicators of chemical changes include temperature shifts, light emission, color changes, gas formation, and precipitate formation.
- 3.7: Conservation of Mass - There is No New Matter
- This page explains the law of conservation of mass, stating that matter is transformed during chemical reactions rather than destroyed. When wood burns, it reacts with oxygen to produce ashes, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, illustrating that the total mass remains constant. For example, in a 300 kg tree's combustion, the mass lost is released as gases. This principle applies to all chemical and physical changes, emphasizing that while matter can change forms, it cannot be created or destroyed.
- 3.8: Energy
- This page covers fundamental concepts of energy in daily life, including heat transfer and work. It differentiates between kinetic and potential energy, with an emphasis on chemical potential energy. The page clarifies the distinction between dietary calories (kilocalories) and the smaller calorie unit, detailing how the body processes food energy. It also addresses energy measurement in joules and calories, and concludes with the principle of conservation of mass and energy.
- 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
- This page explains endothermic and exothermic reactions, focusing on heat transfer. Endothermic reactions absorb heat, causing temperature drops, while exothermic reactions release heat, raising temperatures. It emphasizes the Law of Conservation of Energy, which states that energy is transformed rather than created or destroyed. The page includes examples, including phase changes, and uses energy diagrams to illustrate the energy changes involved in chemical reactions.
- 3.10: Temperature - Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
- This page distinguishes between temperature, a measure of an object's thermal energy, and heat, the transfer of energy between objects at different temperatures. It covers the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales, explaining their freezing and boiling points of water, as well as conversion methods. Notably, the Kelvin scale's uniqueness is emphasized through its absolute zero starting point.
- 3.11: Temperature Changes - Heat Capacity
- This page explains heat capacity and specific heat, defining heat capacity as the energy needed to increase an object's temperature by \(1^\text{o} \text{C}\) and specific heat as the energy required to raise 1 gram of a substance by \(1^\text{o} \text{C}\). It highlights water's high heat capacity and specific heat, emphasizing its effectiveness in temperature regulation, climate moderation, and cooling applications due to its ability to absorb and release significant heat quantities.
- 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
- This page discusses the connection between heat transfer and temperature change, highlighting that temperature differences are the driving force behind heat flow. It introduces the specific heat formula \( q = c_p \times m \times \Delta T \) and includes a table of specific heats for various substances.
- 3.E: Matter and Energy (Exercises)
- This page provides an overview of fundamental concepts related to matter, including atomic structure and the distinctions between mass and weight. It explains the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, as well as energy transfer types like heat and work. Key definitions of mass, volume, and weight are introduced, supported by practical exercises.