19: Enzymes and Vitamins
- Page ID
- 86313
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 19.1: Catalysis by Enzymes
- This page discusses enzymes' crucial role in catalyzing biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy and accelerating reaction rates. It highlights enzyme specificity for their substrates and explains how the active site's structure aids in converting reactants to products. Understanding these functions is essential for a comprehensive grasp of broader biochemical processes.
- 19.2: Enzyme Cofactors
- This page discusses the importance of vitamins as essential organic compounds necessary for normal metabolism, dividing them into fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B complex, C) categories. It highlights their physiological roles, the consequences of deficiencies like blindness from vitamin A and scurvy from vitamin C, and the protective effects of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E against free radical damage, emphasizing their significance in a healthy diet.
- 19.3: Enzyme Classification
- This page highlights the importance of enzymes in pharmaceuticals, specifically for AIDS treatment through the targeting of viral enzymes. It outlines enzyme nomenclature, which commonly ends in "-ase," and categorizes enzymes into six groups based on the reactions they catalyze. Additionally, it explains the assignment of EC numbers for clear identification and underscores the critical role enzymes play in biochemical reactions and their systematic naming conventions.
- 19.4: How Enzymes Work
- This page covers enzyme-substrate interactions, focusing on the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex through reversible steps. It explains the active site's role in facilitating hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. The page contrasts the lock-and-key model with the induced-fit model, which illustrates enzyme flexibility upon substrate binding.
- 19.5: Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
- This page discusses the factors affecting enzyme activity, including pH, temperature, and concentrations of enzymes and substrates. It highlights that increasing substrate concentration boosts reaction rates until a saturation point, while enzyme concentration influences rates until substrate limits are reached. Temperature increases reaction rates up to a limit, after which denaturation occurs, and enzymes require specific pH levels for optimal function.
- 19.6: Enzyme Regulation - Inhibition
- This page covers enzyme inhibitors, categorizing them into reversible and irreversible types. Reversible inhibitors can dissociate, restoring enzyme activity, while irreversible inhibitors permanently inactivate enzymes by covalently binding to the active site. It explains the mechanisms of competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive inhibitors, with examples like penicillin and poisons such as arsenate.
- 19.7: Enzyme Regulation- Allosteric Control and Feedback Inhibition
- This page explains how enzyme activity is regulated through allosteric control, where enzymes have distinct sites for substrate binding and regulatory molecules, and feedback control, where end products inhibit earlier enzymes to conserve resources. It highlights activators and inhibitors in allosteric regulation and uses the example of isoleucine synthesis in bacteria to illustrate feedback control. Both mechanisms are crucial for maintaining efficient cellular functions.
- 19.8: Enzyme Regulation - Covalent Modification and Genetic Control
- This page discusses the challenges of building educational maps, highlighting the time needed to compile materials. It emphasizes LibreTexts' approach of prioritizing the release of completed pages rather than waiting for the entire map to be finished. Although the map is currently incomplete and has missing pages, efforts are underway to complete it.
- 19.9: Vitamins, Antioxidants, and Minerals
- This page discusses the map creation process, highlighting the importance of timely releases over waiting for completion. It notes that the map is a work in progress with some missing pages, but assures ongoing efforts to finalize it.
Thumbnail: Ball-and-stick model of the pyridoxal phosphate molecule, the active form of vitamin B6. (Public Domain)