16: Amines
- Page ID
- 86285
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 16.1: Classifying Amines
- This page explains the classification of amines into primary, secondary, and tertiary based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom. It contrasts this with the classification of alcohols and outlines naming conventions using an alphabetic list of alkyl groups followed by the suffix -amine. Simple examples are provided to illustrate the structural distinctions between the different types of amines.
- 16.2: Naming and Drawing Amines
- This page discusses the naming and classification of simple aliphatic amines, categorizing them into primary, secondary, and tertiary based on the number of alkyl groups attached to nitrogen. It highlights aniline as a primary amine connected to a benzene ring and outlines naming conventions for ammonium ions. The central theme is the systematic recognition and naming of the amine functional group, which includes derivatives of ammonia.
- 16.3: Properties of Amines
- This page examines the boiling points and solubility of amines relative to alkanes, ethers, and alcohols, noting that primary and secondary amines have higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols due to hydrogen bonding. Tertiary amines resemble ethers in boiling points. All amines can hydrogen bond with water, enhancing the solubility of smaller amines. Additionally, the page addresses the odors of amines and the toxicity of specific aromatic amines.
- 16.4: Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds
- This page covers heterocyclic amines, which are ring structures containing nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, differentiating them from purely carbon-based cyclic hydrocarbons. It highlights their significance in medicine and biochemistry, identifying notable examples like caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine, which are classified as alkaloids due to their basic properties.
- 16.5: Basicity of Amines
- This page explores the reactions of amines, emphasizing their basicity by proton acceptance and their reactions with water to create methylammonium and hydroxide ions. Although amines have limited water solubility, they can form soluble salts when reacting with strong acids. It also highlights naming conventions for amine salts and their importance in pharmaceuticals, noting that drugs are typically converted into hydrochloride salts to improve solubility.
- 16.6: Amine Salts
- This page discusses the map-building process, highlighting the time required to gather or create materials. LibreTexts encourages sharing partially completed pages with users instead of waiting for full completion. It acknowledges the current map's incompleteness and missing pages while assuring ongoing efforts to enhance and finalize the project.
- 16.7: Amines in Plants- Alkaloids
- This page covers addictive alkaloids, cyclic molecules with amine groups in plants that have medicinal uses. It explains their extraction as ammonium salts in acid and recovery through base reactions. The term "alkaloid" highlights their reactivity with acids. Examples like nicotine and morphine are discussed, showcasing their physiological and psychotropic effects, as well as their role as chemical defenses for plants against pests.