12: Introduction to Organic Chemistry - Alkanes
- Page ID
- 86264
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 12.1: The Nature of Organic Molecules
- This page covers the basics of organic chemistry, emphasizing the unique properties of carbon, particularly its tetravalent nature which enables diverse covalent bonding. It discusses hydrocarbons with methane as a primary example and contrasts organic and inorganic compounds, noting differences in properties such as melting and boiling points, solubility, flammability, and electrical conductivity. A grasp of these characteristics is essential for understanding the behavior of organic molecules.
- 12.2: Families of Organic Molecules - Functional Groups
- This page reviews the classification of organic molecules into families by their functional groups, such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, which dictate their chemical behavior. It underlines the significance of functional groups in the study of biomolecules and pharmaceuticals. A table is provided that lists the organic families, their functional groups, examples, and naming guidelines. Understanding these functional groups is crucial for effectively studying organic chemistry.
- 12.3: The Structure of Organic Molecules - Alkanes and Their Isomers
- This page discusses the classification of alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, focusing on straight-chain and branched-chain structures. It introduces isomers, using butane and 2-methylpropane to illustrate different arrangements of the same molecular formula. The page emphasizes the importance of structural and functional group isomers, as well as the role of continuous carbon chains in their identification.
- 12.4: Drawing Organic Structures
- This page explains different formulas for organic compounds, including molecular, structural, condensed, and line-angle structures. Molecular formulas show the types and amounts of atoms, while structural formulas depict bonds, aiding in isomer identification. Condensed structures group hydrogen with carbon, and line-angle structures simplify representations by implying carbon at line ends and corners, enhancing clarity for larger molecules.
- 12.5: The Shapes of Organic Molecules
- This page discusses the incremental approach to creating educational maps, highlighting the importance of timely publication of available content over waiting for full completion. It recognizes that some pages may be missing but assures ongoing efforts to finalize the project.
- 12.6: Naming Alkanes
- This page explains the IUPAC system for naming alkanes, detailing the identification of the parent carbon chain and its attached alkyl groups. It outlines essential steps like numbering, naming substituents, and forming the compound's name. The page includes tables of common alkane names and structural formulas, along with examples for clarity and practice exercises to reinforce understanding.
- 12.7: Properties of Alkanes
- This page covers the physical properties of alkanes, noting their nonpolar characteristics, low water solubility, and lower density compared to water. It highlights trends in melting and boiling points among the first ten straight-chain alkanes, which rise with increasing molar mass due to stronger intermolecular forces. These properties are essential as alkanes are foundational to various organic compounds and biological products, such as lipids.
- 12.8: Reactions of Alkanes
- This page covers alkane reactions, emphasizing combustion with oxygen and halogenation with halogens. Alkanes are stable, nonpolar compounds that need heat or light to react and are effective fuels, though they can produce harmful by-products such as carbon monoxide. Additionally, it outlines the health risks of halogenated hydrocarbons, especially their role in ozone depletion, underscoring the need for safer alternatives.
- 12.9: Cycloalkanes
- This page covers cycloalkanes, which are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons with the formula CnH2n. It highlights cyclopropane, the simplest cycloalkane, noting its strained structure and instability due to a bond angle of 60°. As the size of cycloalkanes increases, such as cyclobutane and cyclopentane, ring strain diminishes, leading to greater stability, with cyclohexane adopting a puckered shape for minimal strain.
- 12.10: Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes
- This page covers cycloalkanes, cyclic hydrocarbons with only single bonds, detailing their naming conventions by adding "cyclo-" to the alkane name. It explains line-angle formulas for representing carbon atoms and highlights examples like cyclobutane and cyclopentane. The page encourages practice through exercises involving cycloalkane structures and their substituents.