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3.4: Point Groups

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    Point groups are used to describe molecular symmetries and are a condensed representation of the symmetry elements a molecule may posses. This includes both bond and orbital symmetry. Knowing molecular symmetry allows for a greater understanding of molecular structure and can help to predict many molecular properties.

    Introduction

    Point groups are a quick and easy way to gain knowledge of a molecule. They not only contain a molecule's symmetry elements, but also give rise to a character table, which is a complete set of irreducible representations for a point group. A molecule's point group can be determined by either elucidating each symmetry element contained in a molecule or by properly using the Schreiber chart (see below).

    Point groups usually consist of (but are not limited to) the following elements:

    • E - The identity operator. This operation leaves a molecule completely unchanged and exists for mathematical purposes.
    • Cn - The Cn proper axis of rotation is a 360/n° rotation that when performed leaves a molecule the same. A proper rotation with the highest value of n is known as the major axis of rotation.
    • σ - The mirror plane. The mirror plane can be described as a plane which produces a reflection of part of a molecule that is unnoticeable and can be labeled as either σh , σv , σd.
    • i - The inversion center. A molecule has a center of inversion if, when inverted, the molecule is unchanged.

    See the section on symmetry elements for a more thorough explanation of each.

    Each point group is associated with a specific combination of symmetry elements

    Each point group has it's own combination of symmetry elements. Listed below are some of the many point groups and their respective symmetry elements, according to category, followed by a representative example.

    Non axial groups

    C1: E C1: E, i

    Cn groups

    C2: E, C2 (notice the major axis of rotation is the point group) C3: E, C3, C32

    H2O2

    H2O2 C2

    Dn groups

    D2: E C2(z), C2(y), C2(x) D3: E, 2C3, 3C2

    Cnv groups

    C2v: E, C2, σv(xz), σv'(yz) C3v: E, 2C3, 3σv

    H2O

    H2O C2v

    Cnh groups

    C2h: E, C2, i, σh C3h: E, C3, C32, σh, S3, S33

    B(CO)3

    B(OH)3

    Dnh groups

    D2h: E

    C2H4

    C2H4 D2h

    How to determine a molecules point group

    A molecule's point group can be determined by calculating all the symmetry elements of a molecule and matching them to a respective point group. This process, however, is greatly simplified when the Schreiber chart is used:

    References

    1. Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G., Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. Pearson Education Limited 2008, Chapter 4
    2. Koster, George F.; Wheeler, Robert G.; Dimmock, John O., The Properties of Thirty-Two Point Groups, The MIT Press 1963
    3. Bertolucci, Michael D.; Harris, Daniel C., Symmetry and Spectroscopy: An Introduction to Vibrational and Electronic Spectroscopy, Dover Publications 1989

    Outside Links

    Problems

    1. Determine the point group of BH3 by calculating all it's symmetry elements then use the chart and determine which method is faster.
    2. Determine the point groups of BH3 and NH3. Why is there a difference?
    3. What is the point group of PPh3?
    4. Determine the point groups of CO2 and H2O and then compare them.
    5. Propose a molecule with no symmetry. What is it's point group?

    Contributors and Attributions


    3.4: Point Groups is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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