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3.21: Carbonyls are Electrophiles

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    189933
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    The carbonyl bond is very polar. There is a partial positive charge on the carbon and a partial negative charge on the oxygen, because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon. This charge separation is intensified because of the double bond between the carbon and oxygen. Rather than just pulling one pair of bonding electrons towards itself, the oxygen pulls two pairs of electrons towards itself.

    • The C=O bond is very polar.
    • The carbonyl carbon is very positive.

    Sometimes, a resonance structure is drawn to emphasize the charge separation in the carbonyl. The structure has only one bond between the carbon and oxygen. In this structure, oxygen has an octet but carbon does not. This is not really a good Lewis structure, because the other resonance structure satisfies octets on all the atoms. However, this Lewis structure emphasizes the polarity of the bond and is sometimes drawn to reinforce that idea.

    clipboard_e137983dd252799d56507dc2ee12d151c.png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Thinking about charge distribution in a carbonyl group

    Because of the positive charge on the carbonyl carbon, the most important theme in carbonyl chemistry is reaction of the carbonyl as a Lewis acid. Reactions of carbonyls almost always involve addition of an electron donor to the carbonyl carbon.

    • Electrophile is another term for Lewis acid.
    • Lewis acids attract electrons.
    • Lewis acids have a positive charge on an atom, a partial positive charge on an atom, or an atom lacking an octet.
    • Carbonyl compounds are good electrophiles.

    The electrophilicity of carbonyls is very important in their reactivity. The goal of this chapter is to develop an understanding of how carbonyls react. We will learn about a few key factors that will be used in different combinations under different circumstances. Eventually, you will build an understanding that will allow you to follow both biological reactions and modern synthetic reactions.

    clipboard_eab24f05a8a0a2d6dcedd170175ff2f59.png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Reactivity in carbonyl compounds. The carbonyl in the lower sugar on the left has reacted with the neighbouring molecule.

    It is important to realize that biological reactions, such as carbohydrate synthesis, are very complex and can involve many, many steps. For example, the carbohydrate synthesis shown above involves additional acid-base steps as well as a reaction of a carbonyl. The additional acid base steps may involve proton donors and acceptors as well as more general Lewis acids.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Problem CO2.1.

    a) Explain why the carbon in a C=O unit is very electrophilic, but the carbon in a C-O unit is much less so.

    b) Propose other carbon-heteroatom bonds that may make the carbon electrophilic (heteroatom means not carbon or hydrogen).

    Answer a

    The double bond means two pairs of electrons are shared between the carbon and oxygen, instead of just one. As a result, the oxygen is able to pull more electron density away from the carbon. The carbon becomes much more positive in this case than in the case of a double bond.

    Not only that, but the second bond between the carbon and the oxygen is a pi bond. Those electrons are farther from the nucleus than a sigma bond, in which the electrons are tightly held between the atoms. That means the pi electrons are more easily drawn toward the oxygen, so the bond becomes even more polarized.

    Answer b

    A C=N bond would be very similar to a C=O bond, because nitrogen is the third most electronegative element after oxygen and fluorine (ignoring noble gases).

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)

    Problem CO2.2.

    Provide line structures for the following compounds.

    clipboard_eebe8196fd78ff492137daf3a6f24e096.png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\):
    Answer

    COketaldmixed.png

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\)

    Problem CO2.3.

    Translate the following condensed formulae into Lewis-Kekule structures (i.e. like Lewis structures, but use lines for bonds). All of the compounds are adehydes or ketones.

    a) CH3CH2CH2CH2COCH3 b) ((CH3)2CH2CH2COCH3 c) CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)COCH3

    d) CH3CH2CH2COCH2CH3 e) CH3CH2CH2COCH2CH2CH3 f) CH3CH2CC(CH3)COCH2CH3

    g) CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO h) ((CH3)2CH2CHO i) CH3CH2CH(CH3)CHO

    j) CH3CH2CH2CH(CH2CH3)CHO k) ((CH3)3CH2CH2CHO l) CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CHO

    m) CH3CH2OCH2CH2CHO n) CH3CHClCH2COCH3 o) CH3CH2CH(NH2)COCH2CH3

    p) CH3CHCHCH2COCH3 q) CH3CH2CCCH2COCH3 r) C6H5CHO

    Answer

    COlewissoln.png

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{4}\)

    Problem CO2.4.

    Translate the condensed formulae in the previous problem into line structures.

    Answer

    COlinestrsoln.png

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{5}\)

    Provide IUPAC names for the compounds in the previous problem. For help, see the functional group section, simple carbonyls.

    Answer a

    2-hexanone or hexan-2-one

    Answer b

    5-methylhexan-2-one

    Answer c

    3-methylhexan-2-one

    Answer d

    hexan-3-one

    Answer e

    heptan-4-one

    Answer f

    4-methylhexan-3-one

    Answer g

    hexanal

    Answer h

    3-methylbutanal

    Answer i

    2-methylbutanal

    Answer j

    2-ethylpentanal

    Answer k

    4,4-dimethylpentanal

    Answer l

    2,3-dimethylpentanal

    Answer m

    3-ethoxypropanal

    Answer n

    4-chloropentan-2-one

    Answer o

    4-aminohexan-3-one

    Answer p

    hex-4-en-2-one (in the solution above, (E)-hex-4-en-2-one is shown first and (Z)-hex-4-en-2-one is shown second).

    Answer q

    hept-4-yn-2-one

    Answer r

    benzaldehyde (this is a common name adopted for formal naming. Benz means a carbon attached to a benzene ring.)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{6}\)

    Fill in any missing lone pairs in the following structures.

    clipboard_e2ab74c0a60f619e0ee2153a606b50e65.png

    Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\):

    Answer

    COlonepairsoln.png


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