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33.3: Other Automated Methods of Analysis

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    364273
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    In the last two sections we introduced two examples of automated methods of analysis: a brief mention of automated titrators and a more extensive coverage of flow-injection analysis. In this section we consider three additional examples of automated methods of analysis: the stopped-flow analyzer, the centrifugal analyzer, and disposable single-test analyzers based on thin films, screen-printing, and paper.

    Stopped-Flow Analyzer

    A variety of instruments have been developed to automate the kinetic analysis of fast reactions. One example, which is shown in Figure 33.3.1 , is the stopped-flow analyzer. The sample and the reagents are loaded into separate syringes and precisely measured volumes are dispensed into a mixing chamber by the action of a syringe drive. The continued action of the syringe drive pushes the mixture through an observation cell and into a stopping syringe. The back pressure generated when the stopping syringe hits the stopping block completes the mixing, after which the reaction’s progress is monitored spectrophotometrically. With a stopped-flow analyzer it is possible to complete the mixing of sample and reagent, and initiate the kinetic measurements in approximately 0.5 ms. By attaching an autosampler to the sample syringe it is possible to analyze up to several hundred samples per hour.

    The diagram of the stopped-flow-analyzer begins with the syringe drive which pushes reagent and sample forward out of two syringes into a mixing chamber. From the mixing chamber, the mixed fluid moves into an observation cell where light that has passed through a monochromator moves through the mixed fluid and into a detector. The detector feeds results to a signal processor. The fluid does not move forward from the cell due to a stopping syringe at the end of the flow cycle.
    Figure 33.3.7 . Schematic diagram of a stopped-flow analyzer. The blue arrows show the direction in which the syringes are moving.

    Centrifugal Analyzer

    Another instrument for kinetic measurements is the centrifugal analyzer, a partial cross section of which is shown in Figure 33.3.2 . The sample and the reagents are placed in separate wells, which are oriented radially around a circular transfer disk. As the centrifuge spins, the centrifugal force pulls the sample and the reagents into the cuvette where mixing occurs. A single optical source and detector, located below and above the transfer disk’s outer edge, measures the absorbance each time the cuvette passes through the optical beam. When using a transfer disk with 30 cuvettes and rotating at 600 rpm, we can collect 10 data points per second for each sample.

    Cross sections through a centrifugal analyzer showing (a) the wells that hold the sample and the reagents, (b) the mixing of the sample and the reagents, and (c) the configuration of the spectrophotometric detector.
    Figure 33.3.2 . Cross sections through a centrifugal analyzer showing (a) the wells that hold the sample and the reagents, (b) the mixing of the sample and the reagents, and (c) the configuration of the spectrophotometric detector.

    The ability to collect lots of data and to collect it quickly requires appropriate hardware and software. Not surprisingly, automated kinetic analyzers developed in parallel with advances in analog and digital circuitry—the hardware—and computer software for smoothing, integrating, and differentiating the analytical signal. For an early discussion of the importance of hardware and software, see Malmstadt, H. V.; Delaney, C. J.; Cordos, E. A. “Instruments for Rate Determinations,” Anal. Chem. 1972, 44(12), 79A–89A.

    Disposable, Single-Test Analyzers

    In comparison to other techniques, potentiometry provides a rapid, relatively low-cost means for analyzing samples. The limiting factor when analyzing a large number of samples is the need to rinse the electrode between samples. The use of inexpensive, disposable ion-selective electrodes can increase a lab’s sample throughput. Figure 33.3.3 shows one example of a disposable ISE for Ag+ [Tymecki, L.; Zwierkowska, E.; Głąb, S.; Koncki, R. Sens. Actuators B 2003, 96, 482–488]. Commercial instruments for measuring pH or potential are available in a variety of price ranges, and includes portable models for use in the field.

    Schematic diagram of a disposable ion-selective electrode created by screen-printing. In (a) a thin film of conducting silver is printed on a polyester substrate and a film of Ag2S overlaid near the bottom. In (b) an insulation layer with a small opening is layered on top exposes a portion of the Ag2S membrane that is immersed in the sample. The top of the polyester substrate remains uncoated, which allows us to connect the electrode to a potentiometer through the Ag film. The small inset shows the electrode’s actual size.
    Figure 33.3.3 . Schematic diagram of a disposable ion-selective electrode created by screen-printing. In (a) a thin film of conducting silver is printed on a polyester substrate and a film of Ag2S overlaid near the bottom. In (b) an insulation layer with a small opening is layered on top exposes a portion of the Ag2S membrane that is immersed in the sample. The top of the polyester substrate remains uncoated, which allows us to connect the electrode to a potentiometer through the Ag film. The small inset shows the electrode’s actual size.

    This page titled 33.3: Other Automated Methods of Analysis is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Harvey.

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