5.2: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 488418
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...") | (Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity") |  | The infamous double helix | https://bio.libretexts.org/ | CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen |
| Word(s) | Definition | Image | Caption | Link | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| alloy | solid mixture of a metallic element and one or more additional elements | ||||
| amphiphilic | molecules possessing both hydrophobic (nonpolar) and a hydrophilic (polar) parts | ||||
| boiling point elevation | elevation of the boiling point of a liquid by addition of a solute | ||||
| boiling point elevation constant | the proportionality constant in the equation relating boiling point elevation to solute molality; also known as the ebullioscopic constant | ||||
| colligative property | property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of a solute species | ||||
| colloid | (also, colloidal dispersion) mixture in which relatively large solid or liquid particles are dispersed uniformly throughout a gas, liquid, or solid | ||||
| crenation | process whereby biological cells become shriveled due to loss of water by osmosis | ||||
| dispersed phase | substance present as relatively large solid or liquid particles in a colloid | ||||
| dispersion medium | solid, liquid, or gas in which colloidal particles are dispersed | ||||
| dissociation | physical process accompanying the dissolution of an ionic compound in which the compound’s constituent ions are solvated and dispersed throughout the solution | ||||
| electrolyte | substance that produces ions when dissolved in water | ||||
| emulsifying agent | amphiphilic substance used to stabilize the particles of some emulsions | ||||
| emulsion | colloid formed from immiscible liquids | ||||
| freezing point depression | lowering of the freezing point of a liquid by addition of a solute | ||||
| freezing point depression constant | (also, cryoscopic constant) proportionality constant in the equation relating freezing point depression to solute molality | ||||
| gel | colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a solid | ||||
| hemolysis | rupture of red blood cells due to the accumulation of excess water by osmosis | ||||
| Henry’s law | the proportional relationship between the concentration of dissolved gas in a solution and the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the solution | ||||
| hypertonic | of greater osmotic pressure | ||||
| hypotonic | of less osmotic pressure | ||||
| ideal solution | solution that forms with no accompanying energy change | ||||
| immiscible | of negligible mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances | ||||
| ion pair | solvated anion/cation pair held together by moderate electrostatic attraction | ||||
| ion-dipole attraction | electrostatic attraction between an ion and a polar molecule | ||||
| isotonic | of equal osmotic pressure | ||||
| miscible | mutually soluble in all proportions; typically refers to liquid substances | ||||
| molality (m) | a concentration unit defined as the ratio of the numbers of moles of solute to the mass of the solvent in kilograms | ||||
| nonelectrolyte | substance that does not produce ions when dissolved in water | ||||
| osmosis | diffusion of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane | ||||
| osmotic pressure (Π) | opposing pressure required to prevent bulk transfer of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane | ||||
| partially miscible | of moderate mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances | ||||
| Raoult’s law | the relationship between a solution’s vapor pressure and the vapor pressures and concentrations of its components | ||||
| saturated | of concentration equal to solubility; containing the maximum concentration of solute possible for a given temperature and pressure | ||||
| semipermeable membrane | a membrane that selectively permits passage of certain ions or molecules | ||||
| solubility | extent to which a solute may be dissolved in water, or any solvent | ||||
| solvation | exothermic process in which intermolecular attractive forces between the solute and solvent in a solution are established | ||||
| spontaneous process | physical or chemical change that occurs without the addition of energy from an external source | ||||
| strong electrolyte | substance that dissociates or ionizes completely when dissolved in water | ||||
| supersaturated | of concentration that exceeds solubility; a nonequilibrium state | ||||
| suspension | heterogeneous mixture in which relatively large component particles are temporarily dispersed but settle out over time | ||||
| Tyndall effect | scattering of visible light by a colloidal dispersion | ||||
| unsaturated | of concentration less than solubility | ||||
| van’t Hoff factor (i) | the ratio of the number of moles of particles in a solution to the number of moles of formula units dissolved in the solution | ||||
| weak electrolyte | substance that ionizes only partially when dissolved in water |