2.7: Key Terms
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- Jul 30, 2024
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actinide | inner transition metal in the bottom of the bottom two rows of the periodic table
alkali metal | element in group 1
alkaline earth metal | element in group 2
alpha particle (α particle) | positively charged particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons
anion | negatively charged atom or molecule (contains more electrons than protons)
atomic mass | average mass of atoms of an element, expressed in amu
atomic mass unit (amu) | (also, unified atomic mass unit, u, or Dalton, Da) unit of mass equal to of the mass of a 12C atom
atomic number (Z) | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
binary acid | compound that contains hydrogen and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H+ ions when dissolved in water)
binary compound | compound containing two different elements.
cation | positively charged atom or molecule (contains fewer electrons than protons)
chalcogen | element in group 16
chemical symbol | one-, two-, or three-letter abbreviation used to represent an element or its atoms
covalent bond | attractive force between the nuclei of a molecule’s atoms and pairs of electrons between the atoms
covalent compound | (also, molecular compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements
Dalton (Da) | alternative unit equivalent to the atomic mass unit
Dalton’s atomic theory | set of postulates that established the fundamental properties of atoms
electron | negatively charged, subatomic particle of relatively low mass located outside the nucleus
empirical formula | formula showing the composition of a compound given as the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms
fundamental unit of charge | (also called the elementary charge) equals the magnitude of the charge of an electron (e) with e = 1.602 10−19 C
group | vertical column of the periodic table
halogen | element in group 17
hydrate | compound containing one or more water molecules bound within its crystals
inert gas | (also, noble gas) element in group 18
inner transition metal | (also, lanthanide or actinide) element in the bottom two rows; if in the first row, also called lanthanide, or if in the second row, also called actinide
ion | electrically charged atom or molecule (contains unequal numbers of protons and electrons)
ionic bond | electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositely charged ions of an ionic compound
ionic compound | compound composed of cations and anions combined in ratios, yielding an electrically neutral substance
isomers | compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures
isotopes | atoms that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
lanthanide | inner transition metal in the top of the bottom two rows of the periodic table
law of constant composition | (also, law of definite proportions) all samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass
law of definite proportions | (also, law of constant composition) all samples of a pure compound contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass
law of multiple proportions | when two elements react to form more than one compound, a fixed mass of one element will react with masses of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers
main-group element | (also, representative element) element in groups 1, 2, and 13–18
mass number (A) | sum of the numbers of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom
metal | element that is shiny, malleable, good conductor of heat and electricity
metalloid | element that conducts heat and electricity moderately well, and possesses some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals
molecular compound | (also, covalent compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements
molecular formula | formula indicating the composition of a molecule of a compound and giving the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound.
monatomic ion | ion composed of a single atom
neutron | uncharged, subatomic particle located in the nucleus
noble gas | (also, inert gas) element in group 18
nomenclature | system of rules for naming objects of interest
nonmetal | element that appears dull, poor conductor of heat and electricity
nucleus | massive, positively charged center of an atom made up of protons and neutrons
oxyacid | compound that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H+ ions when dissolved in water)
oxyanion | polyatomic anion composed of a central atom bonded to oxygen atoms
period | (also, series) horizontal row of the periodic table
periodic law | properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.
periodic table | table of the elements that places elements with similar chemical properties close together
pnictogen | element in group 15
polyatomic ion | ion composed of more than one atom
proton | positively charged, subatomic particle located in the nucleus
representative element | (also, main-group element) element in columns 1, 2, and 12–18
series | (also, period) horizontal row of the period table
spatial isomers | compounds in which the relative orientations of the atoms in space differ
structural formula | shows the atoms in a molecule and how they are connected
structural isomer | one of two substances that have the same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties because their atoms are bonded differently
transition metal | element in groups 3–12 (more strictly defined, 3–11; see chapter on transition metals and coordination chemistry)
unified atomic mass unit (u) | alternative unit equivalent to the atomic mass unit
