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18: Proteins

Last updated

Aug 10, 2023
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- 17.6.3: Sugar and Teeth
- 18.1: Amino Acids

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Proteins, from the Greek proteios, meaning first, are a class of organic compounds which are present in and vital to every living cell. In the form of skin, hair, callus, cartilage, muscles, tendons and ligaments, proteins hold together, protect, and provide structure to the body of a multi-celled organism. In the form of enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and globulins, they catalyze, regulate, and protect the body chemistry. In the form of hemoglobin, myoglobin and various lipoproteins, they effect the transport of oxygen and other substances within an organism.

18.1: Amino Acids
Amino acids are exactly what they say they are! They are compounds containing an amino group, -NH2, and a carboxylic acid group, -COOH. The biologically important amino acids have the amino group attached to the carbon atom next door to the -COOH group. They are known as 2-amino acids. They are also known (slightly confusingly) as alpha-amino acids.
18.2: Peptides and Proteins
18.3: Protein Structure
Secondary structure refers to the shape of a folding protein due exclusively to hydrogen bonding between its backbone amide and carbonyl groups. Secondary structure does not include bonding between the R-groups of amino acids, hydrophobic interactions, or other interactions associated with tertiary structure. The two most commonly encountered secondary structures of a polypeptide chain are α-helices and beta-pleated sheets. These structures are the first major steps in the folding of a polypepti
18.4: Case Studies- Proteins

Thumbnail: Structure of human hemoglobin. The proteins α and β subunits are in red and blue, and the iron-containing heme groups in green. (CC BY-SA 3.0; Zephyris).

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