13: Alkenes
- Page ID
- 451685
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen) unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Another term used to describe alkenes is olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond.
- 13.1: Nomenclature of Alkenes
- Alkenes and alkynes are hydrocarbons which respectively have carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond functional groups. The molecular formulas of these unsaturated hydrocarbons reflect the multiple bonding of the functional groups. Alkenes are named as if they were alkanes, but the "-ane" suffix is changed to "-ene". If the alkene contains only one double bond and that double bond is terminal then it is not necessary to place any number in front of the name.
- 13.3: Synthesis of Alkenes
- 13.3.1: Alkanes from Reduction of Carboxylates - Kolbe's Electrolytic method
- 13.3.2: Alkenes by Dehydration of Alcohols
- 13.3.3: Alkenes from Aldehydes and Ketones - Wittig Reaction
- 13.3.4: Alkenes from Dehydration of Alcohols
- 13.3.5: Alkenes from Dehydrohalogenation of Haloalkanes
- 13.3.6: Alkenes from Hydrogenation of Alkynes
- 13.3.7: Prepartion of Alkenes
- 13.3.8: Zaitsev's Rule
- 13.4: Reactivity of Alkenes
- 13.4.1: Addition of Sulfuric acid to Alkenes
- 13.4.2: Addition Reactions of Alkenes
- 13.4.2.1: Addition of Lewis Acids (Electrophilic Reagents)
- 13.4.2.2: Addition of Strong Brønsted Acids
- 13.4.2.3: Rearrangement of Carbocations
- 13.4.3: Addition Reactions of Dienes
- 13.4.4: Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes
- 13.4.5: Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes II
- 13.4.6: Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes II
- 13.4.7: Diazomethane, Carbenes, and Cyclopropane Synthesis
- 13.4.8: Diels-Alder Cycloaddition
- 13.4.9: Electrophilic Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
- 13.4.10: Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides
- 13.4.11: Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides II
- 13.4.12: Free Radical Reactions of Alkenes
- 13.4.12.1: Addition of Radicals to Alkenes
- 13.4.12.2: Allylic Substitution
- 13.4.12.3: Radical Additions- Anti-Markovnikov Product Formation
- 13.4.12.4: Radical Allylic Halogenation
- 13.4.13: Hydration of Alkenes
- 13.4.13.1: Formation of alcohols from alkenes
- 13.4.14: Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes
- 13.4.15: Oxacyclopropane Synthesis
- 13.4.16: Oxidation of Alkenes with Potassium Manganate
- 13.4.17: Ozonolysis
- 13.4.18: Ozonolysis of Alkenes and Alkynes
- 13.4.19: Polymerization of Alkenes
- 13.4.20: Reactions of Alkenes with Halogens
- 13.4.21: Stereoselectivity in Addition Reactions to Double Bonds
- 13.4.21.1: Addition Reactions Initiated by Electrophilic Halogen
- 13.4.21.2: Addition Reactions involving other Cyclic Onium Intermediates
- 13.4.21.3: Brønsted Acid Additions
- 13.4.21.4: Hydrogenation of Alkenes
- 13.4.21.5: Oxidations
- 13.4.21.5.1: Epoxidation
- 13.4.21.5.2: Hydroxylation
- 13.4.21.5.3: Oxidative Cleavage of Double Bonds
- 13.4.22: Vicinal Syn Dihydroxylation