6.13: Thermodynamic
- Page ID
- 371723
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Thermodynamic
John Moore, Jia Zhou, and Etienne Garand
Thermodynamic Values for Select Compounds
at 298.15 K.
| Species | ∆fH° (kJ/mol) | S° (J K−1 mol−1) | ∆fG° (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum | |||
| Al(s) | 0 | 28.275 | 0 |
| Al³⁺(aq) | −531 | −321.7 | −485 |
| AlCl₃(s) | −704.2 | 110.67 | −628.8 |
| Al₂O₃(s, corundum) | −1675.7 | 50.92 | −1582.3 |
| Argon | |||
| Ar(g) | 0 | 154.843 | 0 |
| Ar(aq) | −12.1 | 59.4 | 16.4 |
| Barium | |||
| BaCl₂(s) | −858.6 | 123.68 | −810.4 |
| BaO(s) | −553.5 | 70.42 | −525.1 |
| BaSO₄(s) | −1473.2 | 132.2 | −1362.2 |
| BaCO₃(s) | −1216.3 | 112.1 | 85.35 |
| Beryllium | |||
| Be(s) | 0 | 9.5 | 0 |
| Be(OH)₂(s) | −902.5 | 51.9 | −815 |
| Bromine | |||
| Br(g) | 111.884 | 175.022 | 82.396 |
| Br₂(ℓ) | 0 | 152.231 | 0 |
| Br₂(g) | 30.907 | 245.463 | 3.110 |
| Br₂(aq) | −2.59 | 130.5 | 3.93 |
| Br⁻(aq) | −121.55 | 82.4 | −103.96 |
| BrCl(g) | 14.64 | 240.10 | −0.98 |
| BrF₃(g) | −255.6 | 292.53 | −229.43 |
| HBr(g) | −36.40 | 198.695 | −53.45 |
| Calcium | |||
| Ca(s) | 0 | 41.42 | 0 |
| Ca(g) | 178.2 | 158.884 | 144.3 |
| Ca²⁺(g) | 1925.9 | — | — |
| Ca²⁺(aq) | −542.83 | −53.1 | −553.58 |
| CaC₂(s) | −59.8 | 69.96 | −64.9 |
| CaCO₃(s, calcite) | −1206.92 | 92.9 | −1128.79 |
| CaCl₂(s) | −795.8 | 104.6 | −748.1 |
| CaF₂(s) | −1219.6 | 68.87 | −1167.3 |
| CaH₂(s) | −186.2 | 42 | −147.2 |
| CaO(s) | −635.09 | 39.75 | −604.03 |
| CaS(s) | −482.4 | 56.5 | −477.4 |
| Ca(OH)₂(s) | −986.09 | 83.39 | −898.49 |
| Ca(OH)₂(aq) | −1002.82 | −74.5 | −868.07 |
| CaSO₄(s) | −1434.11 | 106.7 | −1321.79 |
| Carbon | |||
| C(s, graphite) | 0 | 5.74 | 0 |
| C(s, diamond) | 1.895 | 2.377 | 2.9 |
| C(g) | 716.682 | 158.096 | 671.257 |
| CCl₄(ℓ) | −135.44 | 216.4 | −65.21 |
| CCl₄(g) | −102.9 | 309.85 | −60.59 |
| CHCl₃(ℓ) | −134.47 | 201.7 | −73.66 |
| CHCl₃(g) | −103.14 | 295.71 | −70.34 |
| CH₄(g, methane) | −74.81 | 186.264 | −50.72 |
| C₂H₂(g, ethyne) | 226.73 | 200.94 | 209.2 |
| C₂H₄(g, ethene) | 52.26 | 219.56 | 68.15 |
| C₂H₆(g, ethane) | −84.68 | 229.6 | −32.82 |
| C₃H₈(g, propane) | −103.8 | 269.9 | −23.49 |
| C₄H₁₀(g, butane) | −126.148 | 310.227 | −16.985 |
| C₆H₆(ℓ, benzene) | 49.03 | 172.8 | 124.5 |
| C₆H₁₄(ℓ, hexane) | −198.782 | 296.018 | −4.035 |
| C₈H₁₈(g, octane) | −208.447 | 466.835 | 16.718 |
| C₈H₁₈(ℓ, octane) | −249.952 | 361.205 | 6.707 |
| CH₃OH(ℓ, methanol) | −238.66 | 126.8 | −166.27 |
| CH₃OH(g, methanol) | −200.66 | 239.81 | −161.96 |
| CH₃OH(aq, methanol) | −245.931 | 133.1 | −175.31 |
| C₂H₅OH(ℓ, ethanol) | −277.69 | 160.7 | −174.78 |
| C₂H₅OH(g, ethanol) | −235.1 | 282.7 | −168.49 |
| C₂H₅OH(aq, ethanol) | −288.3 | 148.5 | −181.64 |
| C₆H₁₂O₆(s, glucose) | −1274.4 | 235.9 | −917.2 |
| CH₃COO⁻(aq) | −486.01 | 86.6 | −369.31 |
| CH₃COOH(aq) | −485.76 | 178.7 | −396.46 |
| CH₃COOH(ℓ) | −484.5 | 159.8 | −389.9 |
| CO(g) | −110.525 | 197.674 | −137.168 |
| CO₂(g) | −393.509 | 213.74 | −394.359 |
| H₂CO₃(aq) | −699.65 | 187.4 | −623.08 |
| HCO₃⁻(aq) | −691.99 | 91.2 | −586.77 |
| CO₃²⁻(aq) | −677.14 | −56.9 | −527.81 |
| HCOO⁻(aq) | −425.55 | 92.0 | −351.0 |
| HCOOH(aq) | −425.43 | 163 | −372.3 |
| HCOOH(ℓ) | −424.72 | 128.95 | −361.35 |
| CS₂(g) | 117.36 | 237.84 | 67.12 |
| CS₂(ℓ) | 89.70 | 151.34 | 65.27 |
| COCl₂(g) | −218.8 | 283.53 | −204.6 |
| Cesium | |||
| Cs(s) | 0 | 85.23 | 0 |
| Cs⁺(g) | 457.964 | — | — |
| CsCl(s) | −443.04 | 101.17 | −414.53 |
| Chlorine | |||
| Cl(g) | 121.679 | 165.198 | 105.68 |
| Cl⁻(g) | −233.13 | — | — |
| Cl⁻(aq) | −167.159 | 56.5 | −131.228 |
| Cl₂(g) | 0 | 223.066 | 0 |
| Cl₂(aq) | −23.4 | 121 | 6.94 |
| HCl(g) | −92.307 | 186.908 | −95.299 |
| HCl(aq) | −167.159 | 56.5 | −131.228 |
| ClO₂(g) | 102.5 | 256.84 | 120.5 |
| Cl₂O(g) | 80.3 | 266.21 | 97.9 |
| ClO⁻(aq) | −107.1 | 42.0 | −36.8 |
| HClO(aq) | −120.9 | 142 | −79.9 |
| ClF₃(g) | −163.2 | 281.61 | −123.0 |
| Chromium | |||
| Cr(s) | 0 | 23.77 | 0 |
| Cr₂O₃(s) | −1139.7 | 81.2 | −1058.1 |
| CrCl₃(s) | −556.5 | 123 | −486.1 |
| Copper | |||
| Cu(s) | 0 | 33.15 | 0 |
| CuO(s) | −157.3 | 42.63 | −129.7 |
| CuCl₂(s) | −220.1 | 108.07 | −175.7 |
| CuSO₄(s) | −771.36 | 109 | −661.8 |
| Fluorine | |||
| F₂(g) | 0 | 202.78 | 0 |
| F(g) | 78.99 | 158.754 | 61.91 |
| F⁻(g) | −255.39 | — | — |
| F⁻(aq) | −332.63 | −13.8 | −278.79 |
| HF(g) | −271.1 | 173.779 | −273.2 |
| HF(aq, un-ionized) | −320.08 | 88.7 | −296.82 |
| HF(aq, ionized) | −332.63 | −13.8 | −278.79 |
| Hydrogen† | |||
| H₂(g) | 0 | 130.684 | 0 |
| H₂(aq) | −4.2 | 57.7 | 17.6 |
| HD(g) | 0.318 | 143.801 | −1.464 |
| D₂(g) | 0 | 144.960 | 0 |
| H(g) | 217.965 | 114.713 | 203.247 |
| H⁺(g) | 1536.202 | — | — |
| H⁺(aq) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| OH⁻(aq) | −229.994 | −10.75 | −157.244 |
| H₂O(ℓ) | −285.83 | 69.91 | −237.129 |
| H₂O(g) | −241.818 | 188.825 | −228.572 |
| H₂O₂(ℓ) | −187.78 | 109.6 | −120.35 |
| H₂O₂(aq) | −191.17 | 143.9 | −134.03 |
| HO₂⁻(aq) | −160.33 | 23.8 | −67.3 |
| HDO(ℓ) | −289.888 | 79.29 | −241.857 |
| D₂O(ℓ) | −294.600 | 75.94 | −243.439 |
| Iodine | |||
| I₂(s) | 0 | 116.135 | 0 |
| I₂(g) | 62.438 | 260.69 | 19.327 |
| I₂(aq) | 22.6 | 137.2 | 16.40 |
| I(g) | 106.838 | 180.791 | 70.25 |
| I⁻(g) | −197 | — | — |
| I⁻(aq) | −55.19 | 111.3 | −51.57 |
| I₃⁻(aq) | −51.5 | 239.3 | −51.4 |
| HI(g) | 26.48 | 206.594 | 1.70 |
| HI(aq, ionized) | −55.19 | 111.3 | −51.57 |
| IF(g) | −95.65 | 236.17 | −118.51 |
| ICl(g) | 17.78 | 247.551 | −5.46 |
| ICl(ℓ) | −23.89 | 135.1 | −13.58 |
| IBr(g) | 40.84 | 258.773 | 3.69 |
| ICl₃(s) | −89.5 | 167.4 | −22.29 |
| Iron | |||
| Fe(s) | 0 | 27.78 | 0 |
| FeO(s, wustite) | −266.27 | 57.49 | −245.12 |
| Fe₂O₃(s, hematite) | −824.2 | 87.4 | −742.2 |
| Fe₃O₄(s, magnetite) | −1118.4 | 146.4 | −1015.4 |
| FeCl₂(s) | −341.79 | 117.95 | −302.3 |
| FeCl₃(s) | −399.49 | 142.3 | −344 |
| FeS₂(s, pyrite) | −178.2 | 52.93 | −166.9 |
| Fe(CO)₅(ℓ) | −774 | 338.1 | −705.3 |
| Lead | |||
| Pb(s) | 0 | 64.81 | 0 |
| PbCl₂(s) | −359.41 | 136 | −314.1 |
| PbO(s, yellow) | −217.32 | 68.7 | −187.89 |
| PbS(s) | −100.4 | 91.2 | −98.7 |
| PbSO₄(s) | −919.94 | 148.57 | −813.14 |
| PbCl₄(ℓ) | −329.3 | — | — |
| PbO₂(s) | −277.4 | 68.6 | −217.33 |
| Lithium | |||
| Li(s) | 0 | 29.12 | 0 |
| Li⁺(g) | 685.783 | — | — |
| LiOH(s) | −484.93 | 42.8 | −438.95 |
| LiOH(aq) | −508.48 | 2.8 | −450.58 |
| LiCl(s) | −408.701 | 59.33 | −384.37 |
| Magnesium | |||
| Mg(s) | 0 | 32.68 | 0 |
| Mg²⁺(aq) | −466.85 | −138.1 | −454.8 |
| MgCl₂(g) | −400.4 | — | — |
| MgCl₂(s) | −641.32 | 89.62 | −591.79 |
| MgCl₂(aq) | −801.15 | −25.1 | −717.1 |
| MgO(s) | −601.70 | 26.94 | −569.43 |
| Mg(OH)₂(s) | −924.54 | 63.18 | −833.51 |
| MgS(s) | −346 | 50.33 | −341.8 |
| MgSO₄(s) | −1284.9 | 91.6 | −1170.6 |
| MgCO₃(s) | −1095.8 | 65.7 | −1012.1 |
| Mercury | |||
| Hg(ℓ) | 0 | 76.02 | 0 |
| HgCl₂(s) | −224.3 | 146 | −178.6 |
| HgO(s, red) | −90.83 | 70.9 | −58.539 |
| HgS(s, red) | −58.2 | 82.4 | −50.6 |
| Nickel | |||
| Ni(s) | 0 | 29.87 | 0 |
| NiO(s) | −239.7 | 37.99 | −211.7 |
| NiCl₂(s) | −305.332 | 97.65 | −259.032 |
| Nitrogen | |||
| N₂(g) | 0 | 191.61 | 0 |
| N₂(aq) | −10.8 | — | — |
| N(g) | 472.704 | 153.298 | 455.53 |
| NH₃(g) | −46.11 | 192.45 | −16.45 |
| NH₃(aq) | −80.29 | 111.3 | −26.50 |
| NH₄⁺(aq) | −132.51 | 113.4 | −79.31 |
| N₂H₄(ℓ) | 50.63 | 121.21 | 149.34 |
| NH₄Cl(s) | −314.43 | 94.6 | −202.87 |
| NH₄Cl(aq) | −299.66 | 169.9 | −210.52 |
| NH₄NO₃(s) | −365.56 | 151.08 | −183.87 |
| NH₄NO₃(aq) | −339.87 | 259.8 | −190.56 |
| NO(g) | 90.25 | 210.761 | 86.55 |
| NO₂(g) | 33.18 | 240.06 | 51.31 |
| N₂O(g) | 82.05 | 219.85 | 104.20 |
| N₂O₄(g) | 9.16 | 304.29 | 97.89 |
| N₂O₄(ℓ) | −19.50 | 209.2 | 97.54 |
| NOCl(g) | 51.71 | 261.69 | 66.08 |
| HNO₃(ℓ) | −174.10 | 155.60 | −80.71 |
| HNO₃(g) | −135.06 | 266.38 | −74.72 |
| HNO₃(aq) | −207.36 | 146.4 | −111.25 |
| NO₃⁻(aq) | −205.0 | 146.4 | −108.74 |
| NF₃(g) | −124.7 | 260.73 | −83.2 |
| Oxygen† | |||
| O₂(g) | 0 | 205.138 | 0 |
| O₂(aq) | −11.7 | 110.9 | 16.4 |
| O(g) | 249.170 | 161.055 | 231.731 |
| O₃(g) | 142.7 | 238.93 | 163.2 |
| OH⁻(aq) | −229.994 | −10.75 | −157.244 |
| Phosphorus | |||
| P₄(s, white) | 0 | 164.36 | 0 |
| P₄(s, red) | −70.4 | 91.2 | −48.4 |
| P(g) | 314.64 | 163.193 | 278.25 |
| PH₃(g) | 5.4 | 310.23 | 13.4 |
| PCl₃(g) | −287.0 | 311.78 | −267.8 |
| PCl₃(ℓ) | −319.7 | 217.1 | −272.3 |
| PCl₅(s) | −443.5 | — | — |
| P₄O₁₀(s) | −2984.0 | 228.86 | −2697.7 |
| H₃PO₄(s) | −1279 | 110.5 | −1119.1 |
| Potassium | |||
| K(s) | 0 | 64.18 | 0 |
| KF(s) | −567.27 | 66.57 | −537.75 |
| KCl(s) | −436.747 | 82.59 | −409.14 |
| KCl(aq) | −419.53 | 159.0 | −414.49 |
| KBr(s) | −393.798 | 95.90 | −380.66 |
| KI(s) | −327.900 | 106.32 | −324.892 |
| KClO₃(s) | −397.73 | 143.1 | −296.25 |
| KOH(s) | −424.764 | 78.9 | −379.08 |
| KOH(aq) | −482.37 | 91.6 | −440.5 |
| Silicon | |||
| Si(s) | 0 | 18.83 | 0 |
| SiBr₄(ℓ) | −457.3 | 277.8 | −443.8 |
| SiC(s) | −65.3 | 16.61 | −62.8 |
| SiCl₄(g) | −657.01 | 330.73 | −616.98 |
| SiH₄(g) | 34.3 | 204.62 | 56.9 |
| SiF₄(g) | −1614.94 | 282.49 | −1572.65 |
| SiO₂(s, quartz) | −910.94 | 41.84 | −856.64 |
| Silver | |||
| Ag(s) | 0 | 42.55 | 0 |
| Ag⁺(aq) | 105.579 | 72.68 | 77.107 |
| Ag₂O(s) | −31.05 | 121.3 | −11.2 |
| AgCl(s) | −127.068 | 96.2 | −109.789 |
| AgI(s) | −61.84 | 115.5 | −66.19 |
| AgN₃(s) | 620.60 | 99.22 | 591.0 |
| AgNO₃(s) | −124.39 | 140.92 | −33.41 |
| AgNO₃(aq) | −101.8 | 219.2 | −34.16 |
| Sodium | |||
| Na(s) | 0 | 51.21 | 0 |
| Na(g) | 107.32 | 153.712 | 76.761 |
| Na⁺(g) | 609.358 | — | — |
| Na⁺(aq) | −240.12 | 59.0 | −261.905 |
| NaF(s) | −573.647 | 51.46 | −543.494 |
| NaF(aq) | −572.75 | 45.2 | −540.68 |
| NaCl(s) | −411.153 | 72.13 | −384.138 |
| NaCl(g) | −176.65 | 229.81 | −196.66 |
| NaCl(aq) | −407.27 | 115.5 | −393.133 |
| NaBr(s) | −361.062 | 86.82 | −348.983 |
| NaBr(aq) | −361.665 | 141.4 | −365.849 |
| NaI(s) | −287.78 | 98.53 | −286.06 |
| NaI(aq) | −295.31 | 170.3 | −313.47 |
| NaOH(s) | −425.609 | 64.455 | −379.484 |
| NaOH(aq) | −470.114 | 48.1 | −419.15 |
| NaClO₃(s) | −365.774 | 123.4 | −262.259 |
| NaHCO₃(s) | −950.81 | 101.7 | −851.0 |
| Na₂CO₃(s) | −1130.68 | 134.98 | −1044.44 |
| Na₂SO₄(s) | −1387.08 | 149.58 | −1270.16 |
| Sulfur | |||
| S(s, monoclinic) | 0.33 | — | — |
| S(s, rhombic) | 0 | 31.80 | 0 |
| S(g) | 278.805 | 167.821 | 238.250 |
| S²⁻(aq) | 33.1 | −14.6 | 85.8 |
| S₂Cl₂(g) | −18.4 | 331.5 | −31.8 |
| SF₆(g) | −1209 | 291.82 | −1105.3 |
| SF₄(g) | −774.9 | 292.03 | −731.3 |
| H₂S(g) | −20.63 | 205.79 | −33.56 |
| H₂S(aq) | −39.7 | 121 | −27.83 |
| HS⁻(aq) | −17.6 | 62.8 | 12.08 |
| SO₂(g) | −296.830 | 248.22 | −300.194 |
| SO₃(g) | −395.72 | 256.76 | −371.06 |
| SOCl₂(g) | −212.5 | 309.77 | −198.3 |
| SO₄²⁻(aq) | −909.27 | 20.1 | −744.53 |
| H₂SO₄(ℓ) | −813.989 | 156.904 | −690.003 |
| H₂SO₄(aq) | −909.27 | 20.1 | −744.53 |
| HSO₄⁻(aq) | −887.34 | 131.8 | −755.91 |
| Tin | |||
| Sn(s, white) | 0 | 51.55 | 0 |
| Sn(s, gray) | −2.09 | 44.14 | 0.13 |
| SnCl₂(s) | −325.1 | — | — |
| SnCl₄(ℓ) | −511.3 | 258.6 | −440.1 |
| SnCl₄(g) | −471.5 | 365.8 | −432.2 |
| SnO₂(s) | −580.7 | 52.3 | −519.6 |
| Titanium | |||
| Ti(s) | 0 | 30.63 | 0 |
| TiCl₄(ℓ) | −804.2 | 252.34 | −737.2 |
| TiCl₄(g) | −763.2 | 354.9 | −726.7 |
| TiO₂(s) | −939.7 | 49.92 | −884.5 |
| Uranium | |||
| U(s) | 0 | 50.21 | 0 |
| UO₂(s) | −1084.9 | 77.03 | −1031.7 |
| UO₃(s) | −1223.8 | 96.11 | −1145.9 |
| UF₄(s) | −1914.2 | 151.67 | −1823.3 |
| UF₆(g) | −2147.4 | 377.9 | −2063.7 |
| UF₆(s) | −2197.0 | 227.6 | −2068.5 |
| Zinc | |||
| Zn(s) | 0 | 41.63 | 0 |
| ZnCl₂(s) | −415.05 | 111.46 | −369.398 |
| ZnO(s) | −348.28 | 43.64 | −318.3 |
| ZnS(s, sphalerite) | −205.98 | 57.7 | −201.29 |
From Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R., Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982.
†Many hydrogen-containing and oxygen-containing compounds are listed only under other elements.