6.13: Thermodynamic

Thermodynamic

John Moore, Jia Zhou, and Etienne Garand

Thermodynamic Values for Select Compounds

at 298.15 K.

Species	∆fH° (kJ/mol)	S° (J K^−1 mol^−1)	∆fG° (kJ/mol)
Aluminum
Al(s)	0	28.275	0
Al³⁺(aq)	−531	−321.7	−485
AlCl₃(s)	−704.2	110.67	−628.8
Al₂O₃(s, corundum)	−1675.7	50.92	−1582.3
Argon
Ar(g)	0	154.843	0
Ar(aq)	−12.1	59.4	16.4
Barium
BaCl₂(s)	−858.6	123.68	−810.4
BaO(s)	−553.5	70.42	−525.1
BaSO₄(s)	−1473.2	132.2	−1362.2
BaCO₃(s)	−1216.3	112.1	85.35
Beryllium
Be(s)	0	9.5	0
Be(OH)₂(s)	−902.5	51.9	−815
Bromine
Br(g)	111.884	175.022	82.396
Br₂(ℓ)	0	152.231	0
Br₂(g)	30.907	245.463	3.110
Br₂(aq)	−2.59	130.5	3.93
Br⁻(aq)	−121.55	82.4	−103.96
BrCl(g)	14.64	240.10	−0.98
BrF₃(g)	−255.6	292.53	−229.43
HBr(g)	−36.40	198.695	−53.45
Calcium
Ca(s)	0	41.42	0
Ca(g)	178.2	158.884	144.3
Ca²⁺(g)	1925.9	—	—
Ca²⁺(aq)	−542.83	−53.1	−553.58
CaC₂(s)	−59.8	69.96	−64.9
CaCO₃(s, calcite)	−1206.92	92.9	−1128.79
CaCl₂(s)	−795.8	104.6	−748.1
CaF₂(s)	−1219.6	68.87	−1167.3
CaH₂(s)	−186.2	42	−147.2
CaO(s)	−635.09	39.75	−604.03
CaS(s)	−482.4	56.5	−477.4
Ca(OH)₂(s)	−986.09	83.39	−898.49
Ca(OH)₂(aq)	−1002.82	−74.5	−868.07
CaSO₄(s)	−1434.11	106.7	−1321.79
Carbon
C(s, graphite)	0	5.74	0
C(s, diamond)	1.895	2.377	2.9
C(g)	716.682	158.096	671.257
CCl₄(ℓ)	−135.44	216.4	−65.21
CCl₄(g)	−102.9	309.85	−60.59
CHCl₃(ℓ)	−134.47	201.7	−73.66
CHCl₃(g)	−103.14	295.71	−70.34
CH₄(g, methane)	−74.81	186.264	−50.72
C₂H₂(g, ethyne)	226.73	200.94	209.2
C₂H₄(g, ethene)	52.26	219.56	68.15
C₂H₆(g, ethane)	−84.68	229.6	−32.82
C₃H₈(g, propane)	−103.8	269.9	−23.49
C₄H₁₀(g, butane)	−126.148	310.227	−16.985
C₆H₆(ℓ, benzene)	49.03	172.8	124.5
C₆H₁₄(ℓ, hexane)	−198.782	296.018	−4.035
C₈H₁₈(g, octane)	−208.447	466.835	16.718
C₈H₁₈(ℓ, octane)	−249.952	361.205	6.707
CH₃OH(ℓ, methanol)	−238.66	126.8	−166.27
CH₃OH(g, methanol)	−200.66	239.81	−161.96
CH₃OH(aq, methanol)	−245.931	133.1	−175.31
C₂H₅OH(ℓ, ethanol)	−277.69	160.7	−174.78
C₂H₅OH(g, ethanol)	−235.1	282.7	−168.49
C₂H₅OH(aq, ethanol)	−288.3	148.5	−181.64
C₆H₁₂O₆(s, glucose)	−1274.4	235.9	−917.2
CH₃COO⁻(aq)	−486.01	86.6	−369.31
CH₃COOH(aq)	−485.76	178.7	−396.46
CH₃COOH(ℓ)	−484.5	159.8	−389.9
CO(g)	−110.525	197.674	−137.168
CO₂(g)	−393.509	213.74	−394.359
H₂CO₃(aq)	−699.65	187.4	−623.08
HCO₃⁻(aq)	−691.99	91.2	−586.77
CO₃²⁻(aq)	−677.14	−56.9	−527.81
HCOO⁻(aq)	−425.55	92.0	−351.0
HCOOH(aq)	−425.43	163	−372.3
HCOOH(ℓ)	−424.72	128.95	−361.35
CS₂(g)	117.36	237.84	67.12
CS₂(ℓ)	89.70	151.34	65.27
COCl₂(g)	−218.8	283.53	−204.6
Cesium
Cs(s)	0	85.23	0
Cs⁺(g)	457.964	—	—
CsCl(s)	−443.04	101.17	−414.53
Chlorine
Cl(g)	121.679	165.198	105.68
Cl⁻(g)	−233.13	—	—
Cl⁻(aq)	−167.159	56.5	−131.228
Cl₂(g)	0	223.066	0
Cl₂(aq)	−23.4	121	6.94
HCl(g)	−92.307	186.908	−95.299
HCl(aq)	−167.159	56.5	−131.228
ClO₂(g)	102.5	256.84	120.5
Cl₂O(g)	80.3	266.21	97.9
ClO⁻(aq)	−107.1	42.0	−36.8
HClO(aq)	−120.9	142	−79.9
ClF₃(g)	−163.2	281.61	−123.0
Chromium
Cr(s)	0	23.77	0
Cr₂O₃(s)	−1139.7	81.2	−1058.1
CrCl₃(s)	−556.5	123	−486.1
Copper
Cu(s)	0	33.15	0
CuO(s)	−157.3	42.63	−129.7
CuCl₂(s)	−220.1	108.07	−175.7
CuSO₄(s)	−771.36	109	−661.8
Fluorine
F₂(g)	0	202.78	0
F(g)	78.99	158.754	61.91
F⁻(g)	−255.39	—	—
F⁻(aq)	−332.63	−13.8	−278.79
HF(g)	−271.1	173.779	−273.2
HF(aq, un-ionized)	−320.08	88.7	−296.82
HF(aq, ionized)	−332.63	−13.8	−278.79
Hydrogen†
H₂(g)	0	130.684	0
H₂(aq)	−4.2	57.7	17.6
HD(g)	0.318	143.801	−1.464
D₂(g)	0	144.960	0
H(g)	217.965	114.713	203.247
H⁺(g)	1536.202	—	—
H⁺(aq)	0	0	0
OH⁻(aq)	−229.994	−10.75	−157.244
H₂O(ℓ)	−285.83	69.91	−237.129
H₂O(g)	−241.818	188.825	−228.572
H₂O₂(ℓ)	−187.78	109.6	−120.35
H₂O₂(aq)	−191.17	143.9	−134.03
HO₂⁻(aq)	−160.33	23.8	−67.3
HDO(ℓ)	−289.888	79.29	−241.857
D₂O(ℓ)	−294.600	75.94	−243.439
Iodine
I₂(s)	0	116.135	0
I₂(g)	62.438	260.69	19.327
I₂(aq)	22.6	137.2	16.40
I(g)	106.838	180.791	70.25
I⁻(g)	−197	—	—
I⁻(aq)	−55.19	111.3	−51.57
I₃⁻(aq)	−51.5	239.3	−51.4
HI(g)	26.48	206.594	1.70
HI(aq, ionized)	−55.19	111.3	−51.57
IF(g)	−95.65	236.17	−118.51
ICl(g)	17.78	247.551	−5.46
ICl(ℓ)	−23.89	135.1	−13.58
IBr(g)	40.84	258.773	3.69
ICl₃(s)	−89.5	167.4	−22.29
Iron
Fe(s)	0	27.78	0
FeO(s, wustite)	−266.27	57.49	−245.12
Fe₂O₃(s, hematite)	−824.2	87.4	−742.2
Fe₃O₄(s, magnetite)	−1118.4	146.4	−1015.4
FeCl₂(s)	−341.79	117.95	−302.3
FeCl₃(s)	−399.49	142.3	−344
FeS₂(s, pyrite)	−178.2	52.93	−166.9
Fe(CO)₅(ℓ)	−774	338.1	−705.3
Lead
Pb(s)	0	64.81	0
PbCl₂(s)	−359.41	136	−314.1
PbO(s, yellow)	−217.32	68.7	−187.89
PbS(s)	−100.4	91.2	−98.7
PbSO₄(s)	−919.94	148.57	−813.14
PbCl₄(ℓ)	−329.3	—	—
PbO₂(s)	−277.4	68.6	−217.33
Lithium
Li(s)	0	29.12	0
Li⁺(g)	685.783	—	—
LiOH(s)	−484.93	42.8	−438.95
LiOH(aq)	−508.48	2.8	−450.58
LiCl(s)	−408.701	59.33	−384.37
Magnesium
Mg(s)	0	32.68	0
Mg²⁺(aq)	−466.85	−138.1	−454.8
MgCl₂(g)	−400.4	—	—
MgCl₂(s)	−641.32	89.62	−591.79
MgCl₂(aq)	−801.15	−25.1	−717.1
MgO(s)	−601.70	26.94	−569.43
Mg(OH)₂(s)	−924.54	63.18	−833.51
MgS(s)	−346	50.33	−341.8
MgSO₄(s)	−1284.9	91.6	−1170.6
MgCO₃(s)	−1095.8	65.7	−1012.1
Mercury
Hg(ℓ)	0	76.02	0
HgCl₂(s)	−224.3	146	−178.6
HgO(s, red)	−90.83	70.9	−58.539
HgS(s, red)	−58.2	82.4	−50.6
Nickel
Ni(s)	0	29.87	0
NiO(s)	−239.7	37.99	−211.7
NiCl₂(s)	−305.332	97.65	−259.032
Nitrogen
N₂(g)	0	191.61	0
N₂(aq)	−10.8	—	—
N(g)	472.704	153.298	455.53
NH₃(g)	−46.11	192.45	−16.45
NH₃(aq)	−80.29	111.3	−26.50
NH₄⁺(aq)	−132.51	113.4	−79.31
N₂H₄(ℓ)	50.63	121.21	149.34
NH₄Cl(s)	−314.43	94.6	−202.87
NH₄Cl(aq)	−299.66	169.9	−210.52
NH₄NO₃(s)	−365.56	151.08	−183.87
NH₄NO₃(aq)	−339.87	259.8	−190.56
NO(g)	90.25	210.761	86.55
NO₂(g)	33.18	240.06	51.31
N₂O(g)	82.05	219.85	104.20
N₂O₄(g)	9.16	304.29	97.89
N₂O₄(ℓ)	−19.50	209.2	97.54
NOCl(g)	51.71	261.69	66.08
HNO₃(ℓ)	−174.10	155.60	−80.71
HNO₃(g)	−135.06	266.38	−74.72
HNO₃(aq)	−207.36	146.4	−111.25
NO₃⁻(aq)	−205.0	146.4	−108.74
NF₃(g)	−124.7	260.73	−83.2
Oxygen†
O₂(g)	0	205.138	0
O₂(aq)	−11.7	110.9	16.4
O(g)	249.170	161.055	231.731
O₃(g)	142.7	238.93	163.2
OH⁻(aq)	−229.994	−10.75	−157.244
Phosphorus
P₄(s, white)	0	164.36	0
P₄(s, red)	−70.4	91.2	−48.4
P(g)	314.64	163.193	278.25
PH₃(g)	5.4	310.23	13.4
PCl₃(g)	−287.0	311.78	−267.8
PCl₃(ℓ)	−319.7	217.1	−272.3
PCl₅(s)	−443.5	—	—
P₄O₁₀(s)	−2984.0	228.86	−2697.7
H₃PO₄(s)	−1279	110.5	−1119.1
Potassium
K(s)	0	64.18	0
KF(s)	−567.27	66.57	−537.75
KCl(s)	−436.747	82.59	−409.14
KCl(aq)	−419.53	159.0	−414.49
KBr(s)	−393.798	95.90	−380.66
KI(s)	−327.900	106.32	−324.892
KClO₃(s)	−397.73	143.1	−296.25
KOH(s)	−424.764	78.9	−379.08
KOH(aq)	−482.37	91.6	−440.5
Silicon
Si(s)	0	18.83	0
SiBr₄(ℓ)	−457.3	277.8	−443.8
SiC(s)	−65.3	16.61	−62.8
SiCl₄(g)	−657.01	330.73	−616.98
SiH₄(g)	34.3	204.62	56.9
SiF₄(g)	−1614.94	282.49	−1572.65
SiO₂(s, quartz)	−910.94	41.84	−856.64
Silver
Ag(s)	0	42.55	0
Ag⁺(aq)	105.579	72.68	77.107
Ag₂O(s)	−31.05	121.3	−11.2
AgCl(s)	−127.068	96.2	−109.789
AgI(s)	−61.84	115.5	−66.19
AgN₃(s)	620.60	99.22	591.0
AgNO₃(s)	−124.39	140.92	−33.41
AgNO₃(aq)	−101.8	219.2	−34.16
Sodium
Na(s)	0	51.21	0
Na(g)	107.32	153.712	76.761
Na⁺(g)	609.358	—	—
Na⁺(aq)	−240.12	59.0	−261.905
NaF(s)	−573.647	51.46	−543.494
NaF(aq)	−572.75	45.2	−540.68
NaCl(s)	−411.153	72.13	−384.138
NaCl(g)	−176.65	229.81	−196.66
NaCl(aq)	−407.27	115.5	−393.133
NaBr(s)	−361.062	86.82	−348.983
NaBr(aq)	−361.665	141.4	−365.849
NaI(s)	−287.78	98.53	−286.06
NaI(aq)	−295.31	170.3	−313.47
NaOH(s)	−425.609	64.455	−379.484
NaOH(aq)	−470.114	48.1	−419.15
NaClO₃(s)	−365.774	123.4	−262.259
NaHCO₃(s)	−950.81	101.7	−851.0
Na₂CO₃(s)	−1130.68	134.98	−1044.44
Na₂SO₄(s)	−1387.08	149.58	−1270.16
Sulfur
S(s, monoclinic)	0.33	—	—
S(s, rhombic)	0	31.80	0
S(g)	278.805	167.821	238.250
S²⁻(aq)	33.1	−14.6	85.8
S₂Cl₂(g)	−18.4	331.5	−31.8
SF₆(g)	−1209	291.82	−1105.3
SF₄(g)	−774.9	292.03	−731.3
H₂S(g)	−20.63	205.79	−33.56
H₂S(aq)	−39.7	121	−27.83
HS⁻(aq)	−17.6	62.8	12.08
SO₂(g)	−296.830	248.22	−300.194
SO₃(g)	−395.72	256.76	−371.06
SOCl₂(g)	−212.5	309.77	−198.3
SO₄²⁻(aq)	−909.27	20.1	−744.53
H₂SO₄(ℓ)	−813.989	156.904	−690.003
H₂SO₄(aq)	−909.27	20.1	−744.53
HSO₄⁻(aq)	−887.34	131.8	−755.91
Tin
Sn(s, white)	0	51.55	0
Sn(s, gray)	−2.09	44.14	0.13
SnCl₂(s)	−325.1	—	—
SnCl₄(ℓ)	−511.3	258.6	−440.1
SnCl₄(g)	−471.5	365.8	−432.2
SnO₂(s)	−580.7	52.3	−519.6
Titanium
Ti(s)	0	30.63	0
TiCl₄(ℓ)	−804.2	252.34	−737.2
TiCl₄(g)	−763.2	354.9	−726.7
TiO₂(s)	−939.7	49.92	−884.5
Uranium
U(s)	0	50.21	0
UO₂(s)	−1084.9	77.03	−1031.7
UO₃(s)	−1223.8	96.11	−1145.9
UF₄(s)	−1914.2	151.67	−1823.3
UF₆(g)	−2147.4	377.9	−2063.7
UF₆(s)	−2197.0	227.6	−2068.5
Zinc
Zn(s)	0	41.63	0
ZnCl₂(s)	−415.05	111.46	−369.398
ZnO(s)	−348.28	43.64	−318.3
ZnS(s, sphalerite)	−205.98	57.7	−201.29

From Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R., Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982.
^†Many hydrogen-containing and oxygen-containing compounds are listed only under other elements.