6: Electronic Structure and Chemical Periodicity
- Page ID
- 408054
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- 6.5: Orbitals
- We can apply our knowledge of quantum numbers to describe the arrangement of electrons for a given atom. We do this with something called electron configurations. They are effectively a map of the electrons for a given atom. We look at the four quantum numbers for a given electron and then assign that electron to a specific orbital in the next Module.
- 6.6: Electron Configurations
- Electron configuration notation eliminates the boxes and arrows of orbital filling diagrams. Each occupied sublevel designation is written followed by a superscript that is the number of electrons in that sublevel.
- 6.7: Noble Gas Configuration
- A noble gas configuration of an atom consists of the elemental symbol of the last noble gas prior to that atom, followed by the configuration of the remaining electrons.
- 6.8: Hund's Rule and Orbital Filling Diagrams
- Hund's rule states that orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron and that each of the single electrons must have the same spin. An orbital filling diagram is the more visual way to represent the arrangement of all the electrons in a particular atom. In an orbital filling diagram, the individual orbitals are shown as circles (or squares) and orbitals within a sublevel are drawn next to each other horizontally.
- 6.9: Aufbau Principle
- to create ground state electron configurations for any element, it is necessary to know the way in which the atomic sublevels are organized in order of increasing energy. The Aufbau principle states that an electron occupies orbitals in order from lowest energy to highest. The Aufbau (German: "building up, construction") principle is sometimes referred to as the "building up" principle.
- 6.11: Metals
- Metals are elements that can conduct electricity. They are one of three classes of elements (the other two classes are nonmetals and metalloids). Metals are by far the largest of the three classes. In fact, most elements are metals. All of the elements on the left side and in the middle of the periodic table, except for hydrogen, are metals. There are several different types of metals, including alkali metals, alkaline Earth metals and transition metals in groups.
- 6.12: Nonmetals
- Most of the elements that comprise the human body - as well as the majority of other living things - are nonmetals. In fact, seven of the top ten elements in your own body belong to this class of elements. What do you know about nonmetals? What are their properties, and how are they different from other elements? In this article, you'll find out.