This page explains chemical equilibrium, highlighting that it occurs when Gibbs energy is minimized. It discusses the link between equilibrium constants, temperature, and standard Gibbs energies, intr...This page explains chemical equilibrium, highlighting that it occurs when Gibbs energy is minimized. It discusses the link between equilibrium constants, temperature, and standard Gibbs energies, introduces the reaction quotient for assessing reaction direction, and emphasizes Gibbs energy's role in spontaneity. The van 't Hoff equation is also described, along with the challenges in calculating equilibrium constants for real gases through fugacity.
The document provides an in-depth overview of several essential chemical reactions relevant to analytical chemistry, such as precipitation, acid-base, complexation, and oxidation-reduction (redox) rea...The document provides an in-depth overview of several essential chemical reactions relevant to analytical chemistry, such as precipitation, acid-base, complexation, and oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. It explains the concepts of equilibrium constants like Ksp for precipitation reactions, Ka and Kb for acid-base reactions, and Kf for complexation reactions. The text discusses strong and weak acids and bases, amphiprotic species, the dissociation of water, and the pH scale.
