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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/31%3A_Solids_and_Surface_Chemistry/31.03%3A_The_Spacing_Between_Lattice_Planes_Can_Be_Determined_from_X-Ray_Diffraction_MeasurementsThis page provides an overview of X-ray crystallography, highlighting its historical development and significance in determining atomic arrangements in crystals through X-ray diffraction. It explains ...This page provides an overview of X-ray crystallography, highlighting its historical development and significance in determining atomic arrangements in crystals through X-ray diffraction. It explains Bragg's law, which describes the interaction of X-rays with crystal planes and the conditions for constructive interference. The text includes calculations for diffraction angles in cesium metal and offers resources for further exploration in crystallography.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/29%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_II-_Reaction_Mechanisms/29.09%3A_The_Michaelis-Menten_Mechanism_for_Enzyme_CatalysisThis page discusses enzymes, specialized proteins that serve as biological catalysts in living organisms. It traces the historical development of enzyme study from the 19th century through the underst...This page discusses enzymes, specialized proteins that serve as biological catalysts in living organisms. It traces the historical development of enzyme study from the 19th century through the understanding of their structures in the 1920s. It explains Michaelis-Menten kinetics, which describes enzyme-substrate interactions, and introduces key parameters like the Michaelis constant (K_M) that influence reaction rates.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry/1.04%3A_Areas_of_ChemistryThis page outlines the five main disciplines of modern chemistry: Physical, Organic, Inorganic, Analytical, and Biochemistry. It explains that Physical chemistry investigates both macroscopic and micr...This page outlines the five main disciplines of modern chemistry: Physical, Organic, Inorganic, Analytical, and Biochemistry. It explains that Physical chemistry investigates both macroscopic and microscopic properties, while Organic chemistry centers on carbon compounds. Inorganic chemistry focuses on non-carbon compounds, Analytical chemistry studies matter composition, and Biochemistry explores chemical processes in living organisms.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.09%3A_ProtonsThis page explores the difficulties scientists encounter when explaining invisible entities like atoms versus visible objects. It covers the discovery of electrons via cathode rays and Eugene Goldstei...This page explores the difficulties scientists encounter when explaining invisible entities like atoms versus visible objects. It covers the discovery of electrons via cathode rays and Eugene Goldstein's identification of protons in cathode ray tubes. The text underscores the relationship between protons and electrons in hydrogen atoms and the importance of cumulative research in advancing scientific knowledge of atomic structures.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)/23%3A_Potentiometry/23.03%3A_Membrane_Indicator_ElectrodesIf metals were the only useful materials for constructing indicator electrodes, then there would be few useful applications of potentiometry. In 1906, Cremer discovered that the potential difference a...If metals were the only useful materials for constructing indicator electrodes, then there would be few useful applications of potentiometry. In 1906, Cremer discovered that the potential difference across a thin glass membrane is a function of pH when opposite sides of the membrane are in contact with solutions that have different concentrations of H+. The existence of this membrane potential led to the development of a new class of indicator electrodes, which we call ion-selective electrodes.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/25%3A_Organic_Chemistry/25.01%3A_Organic_ChemistryThis page discusses the vast number of known organic compounds, currently around 20 million and continually increasing. It defines organic compounds as carbon-based substances (excluding carbonates an...This page discusses the vast number of known organic compounds, currently around 20 million and continually increasing. It defines organic compounds as carbon-based substances (excluding carbonates and oxides) with intricate structures, highlighting carbon's unique bonding abilities. The page outlines the field of organic chemistry, which studies these compounds, and its intersection with biochemistry, which examines the chemistry of living systems, particularly biochemical compounds.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis_(LibreTexts)/35%3A_Appendicies/35.05%3A_Critical_Values_for_Dixon's_Q-TestThe following table provides critical values for Q(α,n), where α is the probability of incorrectly rejecting the suspected outlier and n is the number of samples in the data set...The following table provides critical values for Q(α,n), where α is the probability of incorrectly rejecting the suspected outlier and n is the number of samples in the data set. There are several versions of Dixon’s Q-Test, each of which calculates a value for Q ij where i is the number of suspected outliers on one end of the data set and j is the number of suspected outliers on the opposite end of the data set.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.10%3A_Separating_MixturesThis page outlines techniques for separating mixtures, crucial in scientific research. It mentions gold panning for isolating gold, and details key methods such as chromatography (based on movement ra...This page outlines techniques for separating mixtures, crucial in scientific research. It mentions gold panning for isolating gold, and details key methods such as chromatography (based on movement rates), distillation (using boiling point differences), evaporation (for solid extraction), and filtration (for particle capture). Each method has diverse applications in biochemistry, environmental science, and industry.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry/1.05%3A_Pure_and_Applied_ChemistryThis page discusses the division of chemistry research into pure and applied categories. Pure research seeks to enhance knowledge without immediate applications, while applied research uses existing k...This page discusses the division of chemistry research into pure and applied categories. Pure research seeks to enhance knowledge without immediate applications, while applied research uses existing knowledge for practical goals. The line between the two can be blurred, as pure research may lead to practical uses, as shown by hemoglobin studies that aid sickle cell anemia treatments. Ultimately, pure research centers on understanding, while applied research prioritizes practical utility.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/09%3A_Chemical_Bonding_in_Diatomic_Molecules/9.01%3A_The_Born-Oppenheimer_Approximation_Simplifies_the_Schrodinger_Equation_for_MoleculesThis page covers the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in quantum chemistry, which simplifies molecular studies by separating the motions of nuclei and electrons. It describes how this approximation trea...This page covers the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in quantum chemistry, which simplifies molecular studies by separating the motions of nuclei and electrons. It describes how this approximation treats nuclei as stationary due to their greater mass, allowing for efficient computation of electronic states and molecular properties.
