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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/SUNY_Oneonta/Chem_221%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Bennett)/2%3ALab_Textbook_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3C%3A_Uses_of_Fractional_DistillationFractional Distillation is used for both oil refining and purification of reagents and products. Fractional distillation is used in oil refineries (Figure 5.41) to separate the complex mixture into fr...Fractional Distillation is used for both oil refining and purification of reagents and products. Fractional distillation is used in oil refineries (Figure 5.41) to separate the complex mixture into fractions that contain similar boiling points and therefore similar molecular weights and properties. Gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and jet fuel are some of the different fractions produced by an oil refinery.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Laboratory_Experiments/Wet_Lab_Experiments/Organic_Chemistry_Labs/Misc/DistillationDistillation is an important commercial process that is used in the purification of a large variety of materials.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/Chem_4B%3A_General_Chemistry_for_Majors_II_(Larsen)/Chem_4B_Textbook/Unit_II%3A_Physical_Equilibria/IV%3A_Solutions/4.5%3A_Separating_Volatile_Solutions_-_DistillationDistillation is a process whereby a mixture of liquids having different vapor pressures is separated into its components. Since distillation depends on the different vapor pressures of the components ...Distillation is a process whereby a mixture of liquids having different vapor pressures is separated into its components. Since distillation depends on the different vapor pressures of the components to be separated, let's first consider the vapor pressure vs. composition plots for a hypothetical mixture at some arbitrary temperature at which both liquid and gas phases can exist, depending on the total pressure.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Martin_Luther_College/Organic_Chemistry_-_MLC/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry_and_Structure/1.02%3A_Fractional_Distillation_and_Alkanes/1.2.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/1.2.3.03%3A_Uses_of_Fractional_DistillationFractional Distillation is used for both oil refining and purification of reagents and products. Fractional distillation is used in oil refineries (Figure 5.41) to separate the complex mixture into fr...Fractional Distillation is used for both oil refining and purification of reagents and products. Fractional distillation is used in oil refineries (Figure 5.41) to separate the complex mixture into fractions that contain similar boiling points and therefore similar molecular weights and properties. Gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and jet fuel are some of the different fractions produced by an oil refinery.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Martin_Luther_College/Organic_Chemistry_-_MLC/01%3A_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry_and_Structure/1.02%3A_Fractional_Distillation_and_Alkanes/1.2.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/1.2.3.02%3A_Fractionating_ColumnsThe choice of what fractionating column to use for which application depends in part on availability and the task at hand. Different columns have different surface areas and numbers of theoretical pla...The choice of what fractionating column to use for which application depends in part on availability and the task at hand. Different columns have different surface areas and numbers of theoretical plates, and thus differ in their ability to separate close-boiling components. They also differ somewhat in the quantity of compound that will be sequestered through wetting the column.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Lebanon_Valley_College/CHM_312%3A_Physical_Chemistry_II_(Lebanon_Valley_College)/06%3A_Multiple_Component_Phase_Equilibrium/6.12%3A_Fractional_Distillation_of_Non-ideal_Mixtures_(Azeotropes)Remember that a large positive deviation from Raoult's Law produces a vapor pressure curve with a maximum value at some composition other than pure A or B. If a mixture has a high vapor pressure it m...Remember that a large positive deviation from Raoult's Law produces a vapor pressure curve with a maximum value at some composition other than pure A or B. If a mixture has a high vapor pressure it means that it will have a low boiling point. The molecules are escaping easily and you won't have to heat the mixture much to overcome the intermolecular attractions completely.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/SUNY_Oneonta/Chem_221%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Bennett)/2%3ALab_Textbook_(Nichols)/07%3A_Technique_Summaries/7.22%3A_Fractional_DistillationProcedural summary for fractional distillation.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/SUNY_Oneonta/Chem_221%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Bennett)/2%3ALab_Textbook_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3D%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Fractional_DistillationOther columns may be substituted. It is assumed that readers have previously performed a simple distillation, so in this section are described differences between simple and fractional distillation.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/The_Live_Textbook_of_Physical_Chemistry_(Peverati)/13%3A_Multi-Component_Phase_Diagrams/13.01%3A_Raoults_Law_and_Phase_Diagrams_of_Ideal_SolutionsThe behavior of the vapor pressure of an ideal solution can be mathematically described by a simple law established by François-Marie Raoult (1830–1901). Raoult’s law states that the partial pressure ...The behavior of the vapor pressure of an ideal solution can be mathematically described by a simple law established by François-Marie Raoult (1830–1901). Raoult’s law states that the partial pressure of each component, i, of an ideal mixture of liquids, Pi, is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component P∗i multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture xi.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)/05%3A_Distillation/5.03%3A_Fractional_Distillation/5.3D%3A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Fractional_DistillationOther columns may be substituted. It is assumed that readers have previously performed a simple distillation, so in this section are described differences between simple and fractional distillation.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/04%3A_Alkanes/4.07%3A_Nitration_of_AlkanesAnother reaction of commercial importance is the nitration of alkanes to give nitroparaffins. Such reactions usually are carried out in the vapor phase at elevated temperatures using nitric acid or ni...Another reaction of commercial importance is the nitration of alkanes to give nitroparaffins. Such reactions usually are carried out in the vapor phase at elevated temperatures using nitric acid or nitrogen tetroxide as the nitrating agent.
