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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Group/Group_01%3A_Hydrogen_and_the_Alkali_Metals/Z001_Chemistry_of_Hydrogen_(Z1)Hydrogen is one of the most important elements in the world. It is all around us. It is a component of water (H2O), fats, petroleum, table sugar (C6H12O6), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)—...Hydrogen is one of the most important elements in the world. It is all around us. It is a component of water (H2O), fats, petroleum, table sugar (C6H12O6), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)—things essential to life, as we know it. This module will explore several aspects of the element and how they apply to the world.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/19%3A_The_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/19.12%3A_Heats_of_Reactions_Can_Be_Calculated_from_Tabulated_Heats_of_FormationThis page discusses the significance of reaction enthalpies and the role of Hess' Law in their calculation using standard enthalpy of formation. It explains ionization potentials and electron affiniti...This page discusses the significance of reaction enthalpies and the role of Hess' Law in their calculation using standard enthalpy of formation. It explains ionization potentials and electron affinities for atoms, emphasizing their sequential nature and the importance of the first few values.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.13%3A_Chemical_ReactionThis page explains chemical reactions as processes where reactants transform into products through bond changes, occurring in laboratories and daily life. It outlines different reaction types: synthes...This page explains chemical reactions as processes where reactants transform into products through bond changes, occurring in laboratories and daily life. It outlines different reaction types: synthesis, decomposition, replacement, and combustion. It highlights energy dynamics, distinguishing between exothermic reactions (releasing more energy) and endothermic reactions (absorbing more energy). These concepts are essential for understanding chemistry.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/17%3A_Thermochemistry/17.09%3A_Stoichiometric_Calculations_and_Enthalpy_ChangesThis page discusses growing concerns over manufacturing emissions and the subsequent need for pollutant reduction equipment. Studies focus on measuring product output and energy changes associated wit...This page discusses growing concerns over manufacturing emissions and the subsequent need for pollutant reduction equipment. Studies focus on measuring product output and energy changes associated with pollution. It highlights the use of stoichiometry in analyzing enthalpy changes, specifically through calculating energy released from the combustion of sulfur dioxide, demonstrating the conversion from mass to moles for accurate assessments.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.12%3A_Bond_EnergyThis page discusses smog formation, mainly attributed to nitrogen compounds like NOx from high-temperature combustion in car engines. It explains nitrogen's inertness as N2 and its...This page discusses smog formation, mainly attributed to nitrogen compounds like NOx from high-temperature combustion in car engines. It explains nitrogen's inertness as N2 and its reactivity upon breaking triple bonds. Additionally, it highlights the importance of bond energy in determining the stability and reactivity of various compounds.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Howard_University/General_Chemistry%3A_An_Atoms_First_Approach/Unit_1%3A__Atomic_Structure/Chapter_1%3A_Introduction/Chapter_1.4%3A_A_Brief_History_of_ChemistryThis page outlines a general chemistry course focusing on atomic theory, molecular structure, stoichiometry, thermochemistry, states of matter, kinetics, equilibria, and materials. It highlights the d...This page outlines a general chemistry course focusing on atomic theory, molecular structure, stoichiometry, thermochemistry, states of matter, kinetics, equilibria, and materials. It highlights the development of atomic theory from ancient Greek thought to modern science, discussing key figures like Democritus, Robert Boyle, Joseph Priestley, and Antoine Lavoisier. It explains fundamental chemical laws, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's hypothesis, and the law of multiple proportions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(Fleming)/03%3A_First_Law_of_Thermodynamics/3.01%3A_Prelude_to_ThermodynamicsThe text discusses thermodynamics, highlighting a quote from Albert Einstein praising the simplicity and universality of its laws. Thermodynamics is the study of energy flow in systems and the univers...The text discusses thermodynamics, highlighting a quote from Albert Einstein praising the simplicity and universality of its laws. Thermodynamics is the study of energy flow in systems and the universe, often involving complex relationships related to basic energy principles. It plays a crucial role in processes like powering cars, electronics, and heating.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/21%3A_Entropy_and_the_Third_Law_of_Thermodynamics/21.09%3A_Standard_Entropies_Can_Be_Used_to_Calculate_Entropy_Changes_of_Chemical_ReactionsThis page discusses the calculation of entropy as a state function for chemical reactions, specifically demonstrating the change in entropy (ΔrxnS∘) in the combustion of methane. It e...This page discusses the calculation of entropy as a state function for chemical reactions, specifically demonstrating the change in entropy (ΔrxnS∘) in the combustion of methane. It explains how to determine ΔrxnS∘ by summing the standard entropies of products and subtracting those of reactants. Standard entropies for the relevant substances are included, with the combustion of methane resulting in an entropy change of \(-5.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/12%3A_Stoichiometry/12.05%3A_Volume-Volume_StoichiometryThis page discusses propane grills and methods to gauge propane levels using pressure gauges. It introduces volume-volume stoichiometry based on Avogadro's hypothesis, explaining that equal gas volume...This page discusses propane grills and methods to gauge propane levels using pressure gauges. It introduces volume-volume stoichiometry based on Avogadro's hypothesis, explaining that equal gas volumes at the same temperature and pressure contain the same particle number.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_14%3A_The_Carbon_Family/1Group_14%3A_General_Properties_and_ReactionsCarbon is one of the most common elements on earth, and greatly influences everyday life. This article details the periodic properties of the carbon family and briefly discusses of the individual prop...Carbon is one of the most common elements on earth, and greatly influences everyday life. This article details the periodic properties of the carbon family and briefly discusses of the individual properties of carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Chemical_Reactions_Examples/Chemical_Reactions_OverviewChemical reactions are the processes by which chemicals interact to form new chemicals with different compositions. Simply stated, a chemical reaction is the process where reactants are transformed in...Chemical reactions are the processes by which chemicals interact to form new chemicals with different compositions. Simply stated, a chemical reaction is the process where reactants are transformed into products. How chemicals react is dictated by the chemical properties of the element or compound- the ways in which a compound or element undergoes changes in composition.
