9: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
- Page ID
- 525823
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 9.1: Solids, Liquids, and Gases
- Solids and liquids are phases that have their own unique properties.
- 9.2: Introduction to Intermolecular Forces
- Compounds interact with each other through various forces: ionic and covalent bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and dispersion forces.
- 9.3: Physical Properties
- Remember that in a liquid or solid the particles are touching one another (unlike in a gas where there is a large amount of space between particles). In this section you will learn about intermolecular forces which are the attractions that hold molecules together so that they are touching in solids and liquids.
- 9.4: Physical Properties of Alcohols, Organic Acids, and Amines
- Alcohols have higher boiling points than do ethers and alkanes of similar molar masses because the OH group allows alcohol molecules to engage in hydrogen bonding. Alcohols of four or fewer carbon atoms are soluble in water because the alcohol molecules engage in hydrogen bonding with water molecules; comparable alkane molecules cannot engage in hydrogen bonding.
- 9.6: Amphipathic Lipids and Membranes
- The membrane lipids are amphipathic lipids such as phospholipids, glycolipids, or sphingolipids. Proteins are another important component of biological membranes. Deposits of cholesterol adds rigidity to the membrane.
- 9.7: Neutralization of Fatty Acids and Hydrolysis of Triglycerides
- Fatty acids can react with bases to form an amphipathic compound called soap. Soaps are made by the hydrolysis reaction of a triglyceride with an aqueous solution of a base.
- 9.8: Steroids
- Steroids have a four-fused-ring structure and have a variety of functions. Cholesterol is a steroid found in mammals that is needed for the rigidity of cell membranes, synthesis of bile salts and steroid hormones.
- 9.9: Transport Across Cell Membrane
- There are three different ways molecules and ions move across a cell membrane. They are diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Active transport requires energy, while diffusion and facilitated diffusion do not. Most polar molecules and ions require a protein channel during transport.
- 9.10: Solubility Classification for Biochemical Compounds
- The biochemical compounds found in living organisms may be placed into one of the three solubility classes; hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphipathic.
- 9.11: Gases and Pressure
- The atmosphere applies a pressure on the surface of the earth known as the atmospheric pressure. The barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure changes with altitude. Blood pressure is the pressure applied by the blood on the walls of the arteries.
- 9.12: Gas Laws
- The physical properties of gases are predictable using mathematical formulas known as gas laws.
- 9.E: Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Exercises)
- Problems and select solutions to this chapter.
- 9.S: Solids, Liquids, and Gases (Summary)
- To ensure that you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the following bold terms in the following summary and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the chapter.
Thumbnail: Diagram illustrating the polarity of a general carbon-fluorine bond, with a partial positive charge on carbon (δ+) and a partial negative charge of fluorine (δ−). Representation of Cδ+−Fδ−. (public domain, 4.0; Ben Mills via Wikimedia)