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8.7: Key Terms

Last updated

Aug 20, 2023
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- 8.6: Free Energy
- 8.8: Key Equations

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Example and Directions
Words (or words that have the same definition)	The definition is case sensitive	(Optional) Image to display with the definition [Not displayed in Glossary, only in pop-up on pages]	(Optional) Caption for Image	(Optional) External or Internal Link	(Optional) Source for Definition
(Eg. "Genetic, Hereditary, DNA ...")	(Eg. "Relating to genes or heredity")		The infamous double helix	https://bio.libretexts.org/	CC-BY-SA; Delmar Larsen

entropy (S) | state function that is a measure of the matter and/or energy dispersal within a system, determined by the number of system microstates; often described as a measure of the disorder of the system

Gibbs free energy change (G) | thermodynamic property defined in terms of system enthalpy and entropy; all spontaneous processes involve a decrease in G

microstate | possible configuration or arrangement of matter and energy within a system

nonspontaneous process | process that requires continual input of energy from an external source

reversible process | process that takes place so slowly as to be capable of reversing direction in response to an infinitesimally small change in conditions; hypothetical construct that can only be approximated by real processes

second law of thermodynamics | all spontaneous processes involve an increase in the entropy of the universe

spontaneous change | process that takes place without a continuous input of energy from an external source

standard entropy (S°) | entropy for one mole of a substance at 1 bar pressure; tabulated values are usually determined at 298.15 K

standard entropy change (ΔS°) | change in entropy for a reaction calculated using the standard entropies

standard free energy change (ΔG°) | change in free energy for a process occurring under standard conditions (1 bar pressure for gases, 1 M concentration for solutions)

standard free energy of formation | change in free energy accompanying the formation of one mole of substance from its elements in their standard states

third law of thermodynamics | entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero (0 K) is zero

Word(s)	Definition	Image	Caption	Link	Source
entropy (S)	state function that is a measure of the matter and/or energy dispersal within a system, determined by the number of system microstates; often described as a measure of the disorder of the system
Gibbs free energy change (G)	thermodynamic property defined in terms of system enthalpy and entropy; all spontaneous processes involve a decrease in G
microstate	possible configuration or arrangement of matter and energy within a system
nonspontaneous process	process that requires continual input of energy from an external source
reversible process	process that takes place so slowly as to be capable of reversing direction in response to an infinitesimally small change in conditions; hypothetical construct that can only be approximated by real processes
second law of thermodynamics	all spontaneous processes involve an increase in the entropy of the universe
spontaneous change	process that takes place without a continuous input of energy from an external source
standard entropy (S°)	entropy for one mole of a substance at 1 bar pressure; tabulated values are usually determined at 298.15 K
standard entropy change (ΔS°)	change in entropy for a reaction calculated using the standard entropies
standard free energy change (ΔG°)	change in free energy for a process occurring under standard conditions (1 bar pressure for gases, 1 M concentration for solutions)
standard free energy of formation	change in free energy accompanying the formation of one mole of substance from its elements in their standard states
third law of thermodynamics	entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero (0 K) is zero

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