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2.6: Ethane Conformers

  • Page ID
    204775
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    The simple alkane ethane provides a good introduction to conformational analysis. Here there is only one carbon-carbon bond, and the rotational structures (rotamers) that it may assume fall between two extremes, staggered and eclipsed. In the following description of these conformers, several structural notations are used. The first views the ethane molecule from the side, with the carbon-carbon bond being horizontal to the viewer. The hydrogens are then located in the surrounding space by wedge (in front of the plane) and hatched (behind the plane) bonds. If this structure is rotated so that carbon #1 is canted down and brought closer to the viewer, the "sawhorse" projection is presented. Finally, if the viewer looks down the carbon-carbon bond with carbon #1 in front of #2, the Newman projection is seen.

    Name of Conformer Wedge-Hatched Bond Structure Sawhorse Structure Newman Projection

    ethconf1.gif

    Figure 1: Extreme Conformations of Ethane

    As a result of bond-electron repulsions, illustrated in Figure 2, the eclipsed conformation is less stable than the staggered conformation by roughly 3 kcal / mol (eclipsing strain). The most severe repulsions in the eclipsed conformation are depicted by the red arrows. There are six other less strong repulsions that are not shown. In the staggered conformation there are six equal bond repulsions, four of which are shown by the blue arrows, and these are all substantially less severe than the three strongest eclipsed repulsions.

    bndrepul.gif

    Figure 2: Bond Repulsions in Ethane

    Consequently, the potential energy associated with the various conformations of ethane varies with the dihedral angle of the bonds, as shown below. Although the conformers of ethane are in rapid equilibrium with each other, the 3 kcal/mol energy difference leads to a substantial preponderance of staggered conformers (> 99.9%) at any given time.

    ethdihed.gifdihedral.gif


    Dihedral Angle

    ethancfm.gif

    Potential Energy Profile for Ethane Conformers: The above animation illustrates the relationship between ethane's potential energy and its dihedral angle

    Contributors


    This page titled 2.6: Ethane Conformers is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by William Reusch.