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10.14: Interesting Alkenes

  • Page ID
    28216
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    Objectives

    After completing this section, you should be able to

    1. discuss the industrial importance of ethylene (ethene) and propylene (propene).
    2. describe, briefly, the industrial process known as thermal cracking.
    Study Notes

    Among the most important and most abundant organic chemicals produced worldwide are the two simple alkenes, ethylene and propylene. They are used as the starting materials to synthesize numerous valuable compounds.

    Produced from ethylene (ethene)

    Chemical Uses
    ethanol solvent; constituent of cleaning preparations; in synthesis of esters
    acetaldehyde slug killer, in the form of methaldehyde (CH3CHO)4
    acetic acid manufacture of vinyl acetate polymers, ethyl acetate solvent and cellulose acetate polymers
    ethylene oxide “cellosolves” (industrial solvents)
    ethylene glycol anti-freeze; production of DacronOR
    ethylene dichloride solvent; production of vinyl chloride
    vinyl chloride manufacture of poly (vinyl chloride)—PVC
    vinyl acetate manufacture of poly (vinyl acetate) used in paint emulsions, plywood adhesives and textiles
    polyethylene “plastic” bags; toys; packaging

    Produced from propylene (propene)

    Chemical Uses
    isopropyl alcohol rubbing alcohol; cosmetics; synthesis of acetone
    propylene oxide manufacture of polyurethanes; polyesters
    cumene industrial preparation of phenol and acetone
    polypropylene molded articles (e.g., kitchenware); fibres for indoor-outdoor carpeting

    Industrial Preparation of Ethylene and Propylene

    Ethene (CH2CH2) and propene (CH3CHCH2), are most often called by their common names—ethylene and propylene. Ethylene is a major commercial chemical. The US chemical industry produces about 25 billion kilograms of ethylene annually, more than any other synthetic organic chemical. More than half of this ethylene goes into the manufacture of polyethylene, one of the most familiar plastics. Propylene is also an important industrial chemical. It is converted to plastics, isopropyl alcohol, and a variety of other products. Both ethylene and propylene are the feedstock for the industrial synthesis of a wide variety of small organic molecules.

    Ethylene, propylene, and butylene (CH3CH2CHCH2) are typically industrially synthesized through the steam cracking of light alkanes (C < 8) obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil. Cracking is the name given to a number of petroleum refining processes which break up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller fragment. Steam cracking is achieved without a catalyst by using high temperatures (~900 oC) and produces a mixtures of products containing high proportions of hydrocarbons with double bonds. There is not any single unique reaction happening during steam cracking. The hydrocarbon molecules are broken up in a fairly random way but the process can be generically represented by the reaction below.

    Steam Cracking.svg

    The mechanism of the steam cracking is complex and believed to involve the formation of free radicals. The high temperatures of steam cracking is enough to cause the homolytic cleavage of C-C and C-H bonds in the starting material. The cleavage of C-C bonds inherently creates smaller hydrocarbons as represented below.

    Mechanism.svg

    Industrial Preparations of Alcohols from Ethylene and Propylene

    Ethanol is manufactured by reacting ethylene with steam. The catalyst used is solid silicon dioxide coated with phosphoric acid. The reaction is reversible.

    OrganicCore_Alcohols85.png

    Only 5% of the ethylene is converted into ethanol at each pass through the reactor. By removing the ethanol from the equilibrium mixture and recycling the ethylene, it is possible to achieve an overall 95% conversion.

    Isopropyl alcohol is synthesized on an industrial scale using a similar reaction with propylene.

    Isopropyl alcohol.svg

    Ethylene is also used in the industrial synthesis of ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol is a major industrial compound with a wide range of applications. The traditional method to synthesize ethylene glycol is a two step process in which ethylene is directly oxidized to ethylene oxide. Next the three-membered ring of ethylene oxide is opened using water at high temperatures and pressures to form ethylene glycol.

    clipboard_e7b159a30d2df536e4ac9ca06adcfd128.png

    Industrial Preparations of Plastics from Ethylene and Propylene

    One of the primary uses of industrial synthesized ethylene is the production of the polymer polyethylene (PE). Polyethylene is the most common plastic. As of 2017, over 100 million tons of polyethylene resins are produced annually, accounting for 34% of the total plastics market. Its primary use is in packaging (plastic bags, plastic films, geomembranes, containers including bottles, etc.). Many kinds of polyethylene are known, with most having the chemical formula (C2H4)n .

    It is the simplest polymer, consisting of random-length (but generally very long) chains made up of two-carbon units. During the polymerization process many ethylene molecules are linked together to form the carbon backbone of polyethylene. In the polyethylene structures are represented below. The squiggly lines at the ends of the long structure indicate that the same pattern extends indefinitely. The more compact notation on the right shows the minimal repeating unit enclosed in brackets; this means the same thing and is the preferred way of depicting polymer structures.

    polyethylene.png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) Polyethylene.

     

    Ethene

    Cracking is the name given to breaking up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and more useful bits. This is achieved by using high pressures and temperatures without a catalyst, or lower temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst. The source of the large hydrocarbon molecules is often the naphtha fraction or the gas oil fraction from the fractional distillation of crude oil (petroleum). These fractions are obtained from the distillation process as liquids, but are re-vaporized before cracking.

    There is not any single unique reaction happening in the cracker. The hydrocarbon molecules are broken up in a fairly random way to produce mixtures of smaller hydrocarbons, some of which have carbon-carbon double bonds. One possible reaction involving the hydrocarbon C15H32 might be:

    crackeqtn.gif

    Or, showing more clearly what happens to the various atoms and bonds:

    crackmodel.gif

     

    This is only one way in which this particular molecule might break up. The ethene and propene are important materials for making plastics or producing other organic chemicals. You will remember that during the polymeriation of ethene, thousands of ethene molecules join together to make poly(ethene) - commonly called polythene. The reaction is done at high pressures in the presence of a trace of oxygen as an initiator.

    polymeq1.GIF

    Beta-Carotene

     

    The long chain of alternating double bonds (conjugated) is responsible for the orange color of beta-carotene. The conjugated chain in carotenoids means that they absorb in the visible region - green/blue part of the spectrum. So β-carotene appears orange, because the red/yellow colors are reflected back to us.

    532carotene.gif

    Vitamin A

    Vitamin A has several functions in the body. The most well known is its role in vision - hence carrots "make you able to see in the dark". The retinol is oxidized to its aldehyde, retinal, which complexes with a molecule in the eye called opsin. When a photon of light hits the complex, the retinal changes from the 11-cis form to the all-trans form, initiating a chain of events which results in the transmission of an impulse up the optic nerve. A more detailed explanation is in Photochemical Events.

    532vitaminA.gif

    Other roles of vitamin A are much less well understood. It is known to be involved in the synthesis of certain glycoproteins, and that deficiency leads to abnormal bone development, disorders of the reproductive system, xerophthalmia (a drying condition of the cornea of the eye) and ultimately death.

    Vitamin A is required for healthy skin and mucus membranes, and for night vision. Its absence from diet leads to a loss in weight and failure of growth in young animals, to the eye diseases; xerophthalmia, and night blindness, and to a general susceptibility to infections. It is thought to help prevent the development of cancer. Good sources of carotene, such as green vegetables are good potential sources of vitamin A. Vitamin A is also synthetically manufactured by extraction from fish-liver oil and by synthesis from beta-ionone.


    This page titled 10.14: Interesting Alkenes is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Layne Morsch.

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